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111.
We investigated how visual working memory (WM) develops with age across the early elementary school period (6–7 years), early adolescence (11–13 years), and early adulthood (18–25 years). The work focuses on changes in two parameters: the number of objects retained at least in part, and the amount of feature-detail remembered for such objects. Some evidence suggests that, while infants can remember up to three objects, much like adults, young children only remember around two objects. This curious, nonmonotonic trajectory might be explained by differences in the level of feature-detail required for successful performance in infant versus child/adult memory paradigms. Here, we examined if changes in one of two parameters (the number of objects, and the amount of detail retained for each object) or both of them together can explain the development of visual WM ability as children grow older. To test it, we varied the amount of feature-detail participants need to retain. In the baseline condition, participants saw an array of objects and simply were to indicate whether an object was present in a probed location or not. This phase begun with a titration procedure to adjust each individual's array size to yield about 80% correct. In other conditions, we tested memory of not only location but also additional features of the objects (color, and sometimes also orientation). Our results suggest that capacity growth across ages is expressed by both improved location-memory (whether there was an object in a location) and feature completeness of object representations. 相似文献
112.
Sandra Bond Chapman Harvey S. Levin Alicia Wanek Julie Weyrauch Joseph Kufera 《Brain and language》1998,61(3)
This study examined narrative discourse in 23 children, ages 6 to 8 years, who sustained a severe closed head injury (CHI) at least 1 year prior to assessment. Narratives were analyzed at multiple levels using language and information structure measures. Results revealed significant discourse impairments in the CHI group on all measures of information structure, whereas differences in the linguistic domain failed to reach significance. In addition, effects of age at injury and lateralization of lesion on discourse were considered. Although no significant differences were found according to age at injury, a consistent pattern of generally poorer discourse scores was found for the early injured group (<5 years). With regard to lesion focus, the group findings were unimpressive. However, preliminary examination of individual CHI cases with relatively large lateralized lesions suggested that the late injured children may show the language–brain patterns reported in brain-injured adults, whereas early injured children may not. 相似文献
113.
Alicia Re Cruz 《Sex roles》1998,39(7-8):573-587
This paper provides a perspective on theconnection between the roles performed by Yucatec Mayawomen and global economic trends, particularly thosefocused on the increase of migration and incorporation of women into wage-labor employment. Theanalysis is founded on the gender dynamics in the MayaYucatec society. The fieldwork sites for this study werethe Maya village of Chan Kom and the developing resort area of Cancun. The discussion centerssocioeconomic and ideological implications of theresponses of Maya women to the increasingly complexexpansion of global capitalism and its acceleratingvolatility. Maya women, associated with the domestic andprivate realm, are also believed to serve as guardiansof tradition. Maya women who migrate, leaving theirvillages, face a social and economic challenge. The discussion frame of this studyleads to arevision of the anthropological agendas traditionallypresented in Chan Kom's ethnographic record. Assumptionsabout power and authority have misrepresented women as part of the labor force in the Mayaproductive system. The tension between peasant andmigrant Maya roles and world-wide economic trends isforging a negotiated space for Yucatec Mayawomen. 相似文献
114.
In Experiment 1, mildly depressed (dysphoric) and nondysphoric subjects tried to solve logic problems that were analogous to subsequent target problems; then they attempted target solutions with or without hints in the form of the anologues’ themes. Target solutions were impaired by the hints in the nondysphoric group alone. Experiment 2A was a no-training control to verify that transfer did indeed occur. In Experiment 2B, all subjects received hints in the transfer phase; the training phase was either problem oriented (as in Experiment 1) or memory oriented. Again, nondysphoric subjects solved fewer problems following problem-oriented training than did both dysphoric subjects in that condition and nondysphoric subjects with memory-oriented training. Experiment 3 replicated the previous results in the nondysphoric samples. We interpret these findings within the transferappropriate processing framework. 相似文献
115.
Alicia M. McVarnock Leanna M. Closson 《The British journal of developmental psychology》2022,40(2):352-367
While social withdrawal in childhood is typically associated with lower academic functioning, little is known about how motivations for social withdrawal may be connected to academic adjustment in emerging adulthood. The purpose of the present study was to examine associations between social withdrawal motivations (i.e., shyness, avoidance and unsociability) and indices of academic adjustment, including academic achievement (i.e., grade point average [GPA]) and academic motivation (i.e., intrinsic value, self-efficacy and test anxiety), while accounting for gender and conscientiousness. Participants were 623 emerging adults between the ages of 18 and 25 (Mage = 20.15, SD = 1.67; 79% female) who were currently attending university. Hierarchical regression results showed that shyness was negatively associated with intrinsic value and self-efficacy. Whereas shyness was positively associated with test anxiety, avoidance was negatively associated with test anxiety. Social withdrawal motivations were not associated with GPA. The findings suggest that some motivations for social withdrawal play a role in university students’ academic motivation, but not their academic achievement. 相似文献
116.
117.
Alicia Salvador 《Motivation and emotion》2012,36(1):74-83
The steroid hormones, testosterone and cortisol, have some common characteristics, but they are related to generally antagonic
processes at both the physiological and psychological levels. In addition, they are the product of the activation of two axes,
the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA), which are very sensitive to a wide range
of stressors. Our review focuses on the role of testosterone and cortisol in some social situations, such as competition and
others related to the challenge hypothesis, that are evolutionary-relevant and have a component of social stress. Research
findings are presented on these points, especially emphasizing the relevance of how the individual interprets social stimuli
and attributes of the other participant in the interaction, producing consequences in the response pattern to the social situation.
This paper presents empirical support for the role of the interaction between the reproductive HPG and stress HPA axes in
several social behaviors with important adaptive significance. 相似文献
118.
Jamye R. Banks Alicia L. Fedewa 《Journal of multicultural counseling and development》2012,40(4):194-205
Domestic violence is often perceived to occur only in heterosexual relationships. However, domestic violence is also prevalent in same‐sex relationships. The majority of the research indicates that counselors perceive same‐sex domestic violence differently than heterosexual domestic violence. This literature review synthesizes the research investigating attitudes toward same‐sex domestic violence. La violencia doméstica se suele percibir como un evento que ocurre solamente en las relaciones heterosexuales. Sin embargo, la violencia doméstica también es prevalente en relaciones del mismo sexo. La mayor parte de las investigaciones indican que los consejeros perciben la violencia doméstica entre personas del mismo sexo de forma diferente a como perciben la violencia doméstica heterosexual. Esta reseña de la literatura sintetiza las investigaciones que tratan sobre las actitudes hacia la violencia doméstica entre personas del mismo sexo. 相似文献
119.
Seth Kaplan Alicia Stachowski Lindsay Hawkins James Kurtessis 《European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology》2013,22(5):587-614
This research expands the job performance domain by introducing organizational threat recognition as a meaningful criterion construct. Threat recognition is conceptualized as consisting of two separate aspects of behaviour—detecting and expressing workplace or organizational threats. To assess these dimensions, we developed two, six-item measures and had 244 workers respond to these items and to a series of individual difference measures. Psychometric results, including exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, supported the a priori factor structure of these measures and indicated that these dimensions are distinguishable from each other and from task performance. Furthermore, correlations involving the individual difference variables revealed that several of these variables including positive affectivity, job tenure, and affective commitment were more strongly related to the threat dimensions than to task performance. 相似文献
120.
Alicia Vargas 《Dialog》2013,52(2):128-137
This essay sees Matthew 25:31–46 as Jesus’ offer of both gift and challenge: disciples will simultaneously minister to and be ministered to by Jesus in jail and prison. Following a consideration of two different dominant ways of interpreting the passage in the literature—what are sometimes called the missionary and the social justice interpretations—and Luther's reading of the passage as falling under the Fifth Commandment, the essay invites the reader to engage the transformative consequences of “seeing” Jesus imprisoned in the U.S. criminal “justice” system. 相似文献