An apparatus for apparent conditioning ofOctopus cyaneus Gray

An ann-out-of-water response was conditioned as an operant inOctopus cyaneus Gray. The response was limited to a vertical tube, 2.54 em i.d, Photoresistive sensors, illuminated with modulated light arranged around the tube above the waterline, detect the presence of an opaque object in the tube. The signal from this response detector is amplified and used to initiate a commercial motor-driven universal feeder according to the reinforcement schedule maintained by the logic control circuit. A sample cumulative record for perfonnance on a CRF schedule is given.     

Error patterns in a chord keyboard response task

Errors in a serial choice-reaction time experiment employing two-finger chord responses to alphabetic stimuli are shown to be distributed in a significantly non-random fashion. Two factors are postulated which are relevant to prediction of the error response. These are the presence or absence of a common finger, and the difference in finger separation, between the actual and the required response. It is suggested that the chord response is coded in terms of a pattern (the distance between the two response components). Responses which mirror the correct response about the centre of the hand are also shown to be significantly more frequent.     

A model for counselor-student-teacher involvement

School counselors need to adopt some new supplementary roles in order to get more involved in the classroom learning situation. The Inquiry Role Approach (IRA) offers such a program for counselor involvement. The IRA establishes teams of students who work with the counselor and the teacher in the regular classroom. Individual referrals to the counselor are accepted as part of the classroom routine. Preliminary evaluation of the program suggests that certain attitudes and social skills are enhanced, and the counselors benefit by dealing directly with more students in a classroom situation.     

FREE RECALL OF REPEATED WORDS AS A FUNCTION OF INTRALIST VARIABILITY

von W right J. M. Free recall of repeated words as a function of intralist variability. Scand. J. Psychol ., 1972, 13 , 39–42.—Five "critical" words were repeated 4 times each in constant positions within lists of 80 items. The number of different filler words, and the order of the repeated filler words, was varied between lists. In free recall tests total recall was approximately constant, but the recall of the critical words was significantly better the greater the variation in the intralist context of these words, especially the greater the number of different filler words. The results are interpreted in terms of the encoding variability hypothesis.     

Differential-psychologische Untersuchungen zum Vigilanzverhalten

Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe von Korrelationsmethoden wurden inter-individuelle Leistungsunterschiede in einer ein- und einer mehrflächigen Vigilanzaufgabe untersucht. In beiden Aufgaben korrelieren bestimmte Vigilanzscores mit Interferenzindikatoren im Stroop-Versuch. In der mehrflächigen Anordnung zeigte sich eine negative Korrelation zwischen der Entdeckungswahrscheinlichkeit und der Rate der falschen Alarme. Hinsichtlich der zeitlichen Merkmale der Vigilanzleistung ergab sich, daß die Vpn den geringsten Abfall der Entdeckungswahrscheinlichkeit erkennen lassen, die zu Beginn der Vigilanzaufgabe die Rate der falschen Alarme am stärksten reduzieren konnten. Die Ergebnisse wurden im Rahmen des detection-Modells interpretiert.

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Experiments in individual differences of vigilance behavior

Summary This paper is concerned with individual differences of vigilance performance in a simple and a complex vigilance task. In both tasks certain aspects of vigilance behavior were correlated with interference in the Color Word Test by Stroop. In the complex vigilance task there was a negative correlation between the probabilities of signal detections and false alarms rates. With regard to the temporal characteristics of vigilance behavior it was found out that subjects with the least decrease of detection rate showed the greatest reduction of their false alarms rate to the beginning of the vigilance task. The results were discussed in the context of the detection model.

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Teil II der Dissertation, die im Januar 1969 der Philosophischen Fakultät der Freien Universität Berlin vorgelegt wurde.     

Detection of extraneous signals during sentence recognition

In two separate experiments, 40 Ss were presented with recorded sentences during each of which a click occurred. Ss had to depress a key as soon as they heard the click. RTs were f aster when the click was located at the major syntactic break of the sentence compared with RTs to clicks not at a break. This confirmed the hypothesis that processing load is a function of the surface structure of sentences, although the role of minor breaks was not clear. A second finding was that RTs were slower when the click was in the first rather than in the second half of the sentence. This can also be explained in terms of differential processing loads.     

Visual information processing of sequentially presented inputs: III. Further effects of list length and interstimulus interval values on sub-span storage and retrieval mechanisms

Two experiments were carried out, employing a computer-based cathode-ray tube display system, to study further the effects of sub-span Hst length, i.e., two, three, four, and five decimal digits, and relatively small interstimulus interval (ISI) values, i.e., 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 msec, on visual information processing, storage, and retrieval mechanisms. The results of the first experiment confirmed the compttcated intenctions found in two earlier studies between Hst length and ISI values, but with much smaller ISI values than employed preriousfy. The results of the second experiment, in which unequal ISI values were employed within the same length input string, showed little effect resulting from this parameter, but it was suggested that a wider distribution of different ISI values within the same length input string would produce very strong effects.     

Schematic concept formation: Feature measures and constraint redundancy as predictors

Constraint redundancy (R_c) was varied in order to manipulate the statistical structure of sets of patterns. Measures of pattern features and R_c were related to the categorization by Ss who had experienced different types of preexposure to sets of patterns from the same stimulus domain. Both R_c and pattern measures were related to the categories produced by Ss in a schematic-concept-formation (SCF) task.     

Psychophysical methodology IV: Phi gamma hypothesis and the method of limits

Assuming the phi-gamma hypothesis, deductions concerning the method of limits (ML) are derived. For a given step size, the selection of the initial stimulus for ascending series or for descending series has little effect on the summary statistical measures of the ML. Estimates of ML statistics are derived for different step sizes, and these estimates are used to estimate the mean and standard deviation of the phi-gamma hypothesis. Also considered are how summary statistical measures of the ML are influenced by extremely large and small step sizes and by the definition of a ML threshold.