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891.
Orsmond GI Seltzer MM 《Mental retardation and developmental disabilities research reviews》2007,13(4):313-320
In this article, we review the literature on siblings of individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) from a lifespan developmental perspective, from infancy through adulthood, focusing on the sibling relationship and sibling well-being. We situate this review within the larger body of research on siblings of individuals with developmental disabilities (DD) across the lifespan. We then consider the genetic aspects of ASDs and their implications for siblings. We conclude that there is an evidence of atypical social and communication development in some siblings of children with an ASD during infancy. During childhood and adolescence, siblings describe both positive and negative aspects of their sibling relationship and there is some evidence that siblings of children with an ASD may be at heightened risk for social and behavioral adjustment problems. The limited research on adulthood suggests that lack of closeness in the sibling relationship and social and emotional difficulties may continue. We encourage more attention focused on developmental issues, specifically with respect to samples in narrower age groups and in longitudinal research. Finally, we note the variability in sibling outcomes, and suggest further examination of potential moderating and mediating factors, including genetic predispositions. 相似文献
892.
Jeonghun Ku Kiwan Han Hyung Rae Lee Hee Jeong Jang Kwang Uk Kim Sung Hyouk Park Jae Jin Kim Chan Hyung Kim In Young Kim Sun I Kim 《Cyberpsychology & behavior》2007,10(4):567-574
Schizophrenia is a devastating mental illness and is characterized by hallucinations and delusions as well as social skills deficits. Generally, social skills training designed to help patients develop social skills includes role-playing, but this form of training has typical shortcomings, which are largely due to a trainer's difficulties to project emotion. Virtual reality (VR)-based techniques have the potential to solve these difficulties, because they provide a computer-generated but realistic three-dimensional world and humanlike avatars that can provide emotional stimuli. In this paper, we report on a method of implementing virtual environments (VEs) in order to train people with schizophrenia to develop conversational skills in specific situations, which could overcome the shortcomings of or complement conventional role-playing techniques. The paper reports the efficacy of the proposed approach in a preliminary clinical trial with 10 patients with schizophrenia. 相似文献
893.
Kwanguk Kim Jae-Jin Kim Jaehun Kim Da-Eun Park Hee Jeong Jang Jeonghun Ku Chan-Hyung Kim In Young Kim Sun I Kim 《Cyberpsychology & behavior》2007,10(2):215-219
Impairment in social skills is one of the few criteria that all individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia must meet. Successful social skills require the coordination of many abilities, including social perception, which involves the decoding and interpretation of social cues from others. In this study, we examined the potential for virtual reality (VR) in social skill training. We attempted to determine if VR can be used to measure social skills and social perception, and to determine which VR parameters are related to schizophrenic symptoms. Some of these results have clear clinical relevance, while other observations need further study. The VR system appears to be useful in assessing the social perception of schizophrenics and normal people, and could be more widely used in the future for social training and in the assessment of social problem-solving abilities, assertiveness skills, and general social skills. 相似文献
894.
Orlova VA Voskresenskaya NI Shcherbakova NP Korsakova NK Savina TD Solenova EP Efanova NN Malova JV 《The Spanish journal of psychology》2007,10(2):430-435
In order to study neuropsychological characteristics of subcortical-frontal brain regions function and assessment of their relation with vulnerability to schizophrenia 59 patients and 23 controls were investigated using Luria's neuropsychological methods. The analysis established bilateral abnormalities of the function of prefrontal and profound frontal lobe zones in patients as compared with controls. These abnormalities were more predominate in the left hemisphere. Point biserial correlation coefficients of determined integrative neuropsychological indicators with liability to schizophrenia were 0.39 +/- 0.11 and 0.28 +/- 0.09, for the left and right brain zones respectively. The obtained data permits discussion of the integrative neuropsychological indicators of subcortical-frontal brain regions as potential markers of liability to schizophrenia and confirms the role of structural and functional brain asymmetry in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. 相似文献
895.
Murphy KJ West R Armilio ML Craik FI Stuss DT 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2007,14(1):70-94
We investigated the word-list-learning performance of younger and older adults over 4 consecutive days at different times of day to study age-related differences in consistency of performance over time and the influence of circadian variation on performance. Eighteen younger (M age, 23.4 years) and 18 older (M age, 73.3 years) men and women participated. The start time of testing alternated between morning and early evening across the 4 days of testing. On each test day, participants learned a different list of 15 unrelated words over four learning trials. As expected, younger adults performed better than older adults on immediate recall, delayed recall, and recognition. Contrary to our expectations, time of day did not significantly influence recall or recognition performance in either the older or younger adults. Older adults did show a greater incidence of false memory (i.e., previously learned list intrusions in free recall and false alarms in recognition) than younger adults. Older adults also exhibited greater intra-individual performance variability on the measures of false memory across test days. This variability was not related to circadian variation. False memory and variability of performance have both been linked to frontal systems dysfunction. The findings presented here are consistent with the notion that changes in cognition with aging in part reflect age-related decline in frontal lobe function. 相似文献
896.
In recent decades, the age of marriage in many minority Muslim communities has risen so that significant numbers of Muslims
in these contexts are remaining unmarried into their late 20 s and beyond. As with other communities in Western contexts,
Muslim communities have also experienced a rising divorce rate, leading to many more single women. These social and demographic
changes, combined with traditional attitudes towards female sexuality and virginity, have led to a rise in the number of women
who have either never had a sexual encounter or who no longer have sexual encounters. Cultural discourses surrounding virginity
and female celibacy frequently conflate the virtue of refusing sexual encounters outside of marriage with happiness and satisfaction
at ‘choosing the right path’. However, these discourses negate or downplay women’s sexual desires and result in women often
feeling trapped into having to perform the ‘myth of the happy celibate’. To disrupt this myth is to unleash the potentially
destructive power of female sexuality, while to openly challenge it is to risk being positioned as a ‘slut’.
相似文献
Shakira HusseinEmail: |
897.
The two main objectives of this research were to determine whether Type A cognitions are related to a broader range of symptoms
than has traditionally been studied and to determine possible mediating variables. Past research and theory suggest that Type
A individuals not only experience but also generate stress and interpersonal conflict (i.e., in keeping with a psychosocial
vulnerability model). This psychosocial vulnerability may put Type A individuals at greater risk of experiencing a wide array
of physical and psychological symptoms well beyond coronary heart disease (CHD), the health outcome typically investigated.
Stress, interpersonal and non-interpersonal in nature, and perceived social support, were explored as possible mediators in
the Type A cognition-symptoms relationship using structural equation modelling (SEM) in a university sample. Non-interpersonal
stress and interpersonal stress mediated both the Type A cognition-psychological symptoms relationship and the Type A cognition-physical
symptoms relationship. However, perceived social support only mediated the Type A cognition-psychological symptoms relationship.
Results indicate that Type A individuals may experience psychosocial vulnerability, particularly reporting stress, which may
put them at risk for the experience of negative health outcomes. Implications for cognitive therapy are discussed.
相似文献
Donna I. PickeringEmail: |
898.
Cultural Variability in the Manifestation of Expressed Emotion 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
STEVEN R. LÓPEZ PH.D. JORGE I. RAMÍREZ GARCÍA PH.D. † JODIE B. ULLMAN PH.D. ‡ ALEX KOPELOWICZ M.D. § JANIS JENKINS PH.D. ¶ NICHOLAS J. K. BREITBORDE PH.D. PERLA PLACENCIA M.S.W. 《Family process》2009,48(2):179-194
We examined the distribution of expressed emotion (EE) and its indices in a sample of 224 family caregivers of individuals with schizophrenia pooled from 5 studies, 3 reflecting a contemporary sample of Mexican Americans (MA 2000, N =126), 1 of an earlier study of Mexican Americans (MA 1980, N =44), and the other of an earlier study of Anglo Americans (AA, N =54). Chi-square and path analyses revealed no significant differences between the 2 MA samples in rates of high EE, critical comments, hostility, and emotional over-involvement (EOI). Only caregiver warmth differed for the 2 MA samples; MA 1980 had higher warmth than MA 2000. Significant differences were consistently found between the combined MA samples and the AA sample; AAs had higher rates of high EE, more critical comments, less warmth, less EOI, and a high EE profile comprised more of criticism/hostility. We also examined the relationship of proxy measures of acculturation among the MA 2000 sample. The findings support and extend Jenkins' earlier observations regarding the cultural variability of EE for Mexican Americans. Implications are discussed regarding the cross-cultural measurement of EE and the focus of family interventions. 相似文献
899.
Kurt D. Michael R. Michael Furr Kevin S. Masters Brent R. Collett Glen I. Spielmans Kathrin Ritter Marietta A. Veeder Katherine Treiber Jodi L. Cullum 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2009,39(3):157-163
In the present study, potential MMPI-2 predictors of psychotherapy outcome were examined in a community clinical sample of
51 patients seeking treatment at a university training clinic. Results indicated that particular MMPI-2 scales (L, F, Pd,
Pa, Sc, Trt) were the most predictive of initial levels of patient distress, whereas three other clinical scales (Hs, D, Hy)
were significantly associated with actual symptom reduction over time. The clinical implications of these data include the
use of the MMPI-2 in clinical practice as a means to frame the provision of direct feedback to patients regarding the likelihood
of treatment response, which in turn, might actually have therapeutic benefits. The limitations of the study are reviewed
and suggestions for future research are offered, including the potential use of widely known and utilized instruments in helping
to predict response to psychotherapy. 相似文献
900.
Association models constitute an attractive alternative to the usual log-linear models for modeling the dependence between
classification variables. They impose special structure on the underlying association by assigning scores on the levels of
each classification variable, which can be fixed or parametric. Under the general row-column (RC) association model, both
row and column scores are unknown parameters without any restriction concerning their ordinality. However, when the classification
variables are ordinal, order restrictions on the scores arise naturally. Under such restrictions, we adopt an alternative
parameterization and draw inferences about the equality of adjacent scores using the Bayesian approach. To achieve that, we
have constructed a reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for moving across models of different dimension and
estimate accurately the posterior model probabilities which can be used either for model comparison or for model averaging.
The proposed methodology is evaluated through a simulation study and illustrated using actual datasets. 相似文献