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61.
62.
Alfred R. Mele 《Philosophical explorations》2013,16(3):207-216
Abstract Strict akratic actions, by definition, are performed freely. However, agents may seem not to be selfgoverned with respect to such actions and therefore not to perform them autonomously. If appearance matches reality here, freedom and autonomy part company in this sphere. Do they? That is this article's guiding question. To make things manageable, it is assumed that there are free actions, including strict akratic actions. Two theses are defended. First, the combination of (i) an intentional action's being uncompelled and (ii) its being - or executing - in appropriate informational circumstances, a sane decision that, as the agent recognizes, is for a course of action that she believes to be inferior to an alternative course of action open to her is sufficient for the action's being freely performed. (Condition (i) provides elbow room allegedly needed for free action, and (ii) encompasses freedom-level psychological sophistication.) Second, the same combination is sufficient for an intentional action's being autonomously performed. 相似文献
63.
64.
Alfred S. Friedman 《Aggression and violent behavior》1998,3(4):339-355
The preponderance of the research evidence supports the conclusion that abuse of certain types of illicit drugs, separately from the abuse of alcohol, predisposes to subsequent violent behavior. The relationship of cocaine/crack to violent crime has been established more clearly for users of crack in inner city areas than it has for those who are users of other forms of cocaine in the general population.In regard to any race/ethnic or socioeconomic factors in the relationships between substance use/abuse and violent behavior, most clearly established is that a higher proportion of young Black males, compared to other race/ethnic groups, are actively involved in dealing cocaine/crack in some inner city poverty areas.As for gender differences, the research evidence indicates that alcohol abuse as a predictor to and a precipitant of violent behavior, is more clearly established for males than for females. Drug abuse, as distinct from alcohol abuse, has been found to predict subsequent violent behavior, for females as well as for males. “Co-morbidity,” the combination of substance use with and psychopathology, appears more likely to predict for females to later violent behavior. Psychopathology and mental health problems are less likely to predict occurrence of either violent or criminal behavior in the future than are either alcohol abuse or drug abuse. 相似文献
65.
Images from the nanoworld are not at all disorienting or bewildering, as one might expect from contemplating the strange and
surprising features that arise where classical physics comes to an end and quantum effects begin to appear. Instead, we see
the traces of explorers in a world that appears to be infinitely malleable. The paper shows that the capability to visualize
processes and phenomena at the nanoscale is a matter not only of research technologies and the advancement of observational
techniques, but also a matter of developing a visual setting that exhibits knowledge and practice, surprise and control. The
surface is such a stage and so is the landscape: they invite us to become immersed and move around like someone who goes for
a walk. In order to appreciate this pictorial, as well as discursive, setting we turn to “strollology” as a method of reconstructing
the world that is experienced in the manner of walking. With the notion of imagescape this method is applied to the modes
of partaking in the nanoworld and its specific features. Rather than articulate theoretical or metaphysical presuppositions
these nanoscapes serve to validate the very idea of nanotechnology. 相似文献
66.
Robert?G.?CookEmail author Alfred?I.?Geller Guo-Rong?Zhang Ram?Gowda 《Behavior research methods》2004,36(1):101-106
The efficiency of traditional levers and of modern touchscreen technology for training rats on a computerized visual discrimination
was studied in a series of observations. When compared with a lever-based discrimination procedure, the use of touchscreens
supported the faster development of signal tracking behavior and acquisition of a two-stimulus simultaneous visual discrimination.
It did not affect the final level of accuracy. Factors related to spatial proximity of the responses with the stimuli, sign-tracking,
and increased ease of touchscreen motor responses were suggested as possible reasons for the touchscreen training advantage.
This increased efficiency allows large numbers of animals to be tested quickly, a necessary requirement for studies involving
genetic and physiological interventions. 相似文献
67.
Angela Cooney Alfred Allan Maria M. Allan Dianne McKillop Deirdre G. Drake 《Australian journal of psychology》2011,63(2):107-118
It is possible that the physical and mental health of crime victims might be improved by forgiving those who have offended against them. To date, no research has been undertaken to examine the processes that influence victims' forgiveness. The goal of this project was to examine the forgiveness process in primary and secondary victims of violent and sexual crimes. In Study 1, qualitative data were collected by interviewing 21 people who had been affected by sexual or other violent crime. Data analysis identified five themes that were common to both primary and secondary victims, namely benefit of forgiveness, self‐forgiveness, perspective taking, offender behaviour, and time. An empowerment theme was unique to primary victims, and a principal victim theme was unique to secondary victims. To further explore these qualitative findings, a quantitative survey of 60 primary and secondary victims was conducted. Results confirmed that primary victims are pragmatic forgivers who are internally focused and forgive because that will benefit their healing. Conversely, secondary victims did not think forgiveness benefited, or would impact on, their own or the primary victim's recovery process. Neither group saw forgiveness as a moral issue, nor thought that forgiveness should influence whether an offender should face court. 相似文献
68.
One of the aims of the DEEPEN project was to deepen ethical understanding of issues related to emerging nanotechnologies through
an interdisciplinary approach utilizing insights from philosophy, ethics, and the social sciences. Accordingly, part of its
final report was dedicated to the question of what was accomplished with regards to this aim and what further research is
required. It relates two insights: Nanotechnologies intensify the ambivalence of ongoing, long-term developments; and yet,
our intuitions and received story-lines fail us as a guide to ethical and political matters concerning nanotechnologies. 相似文献
69.
This article points out several flaws in an earlier article (Chau, Martin, Thompson, Chang, & Woo, 2006). We note that Chau, Martin, Thompson, Chang, and Woo (2006) had misquoted our work on a 4-item version of the geriatric depression scale (GDS), and the work of the research team, which developed the original 30-item and 15-item versions of the scale. Furthermore, their data analytic methods were flawed, and their conclusions were often not supported by the data they presented. On the basis of these observations, we found no evidence against the use of the 4-item version of the GDS. 相似文献
70.
Alfred H. Fuchs 《Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences》2008,44(4):372-376