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331.
Richard A. Owings Alfred A. Baumeister Richard A. Laine Mark H. Lewis 《Intelligence》1980,4(3):243-254
Three experiments were performed to assess memory scanning of shapes, colors, and shape-color compounds by retarded and nonretarded people. Attributes comprising compounds provided either redundant or nonredundant information. Large retarded-nonretarded differences in reaction time were obtained. In contrast to previous reports of slow scanning of digits and nonsense shapes by retarded people, scan rates for shapes and colors did not differ between groups. Retarded subjects were not characterized by a deficient scan rate. Although compound stimuli required twice as many attributes in their repersentation as did simple stimuli, they were not scanned more slowly, indicating that per item scan rate is not determined by the number of attributes required to define each item. Both groups were able to exploit redundant relevant information to achieve faster processing than in simple conditions. Decision rules for rejecting compound stimuli comprised one, two, or more binary tests. Groups did not differ in speed of performing elementary binary test(s). 相似文献
332.
The influences of two determinants of aggression were investigated by means of a two by two factorial design. Aggression was operationally defined in terms of the amount and intensity of obnoxious sounds which the subject delivered to the confederate while the latter was trying to perform a task involving estimation of distances. In order to manipulate the first independent variable one half of the group of subjects were led to believe that the victim was someone who had many attitudes similar to their own. The other subjects thought they had to cope with a partner whose attitudes were dissimilar. The second independent variable was manipulated by suggesting to one half of the group of subjects that they would be able to earn increasing sums of money (up to a fixed maximum) depending on the loudness of sounds they were prepared to deliver to their partner. In the non-reward condition money was not mentioned. The subjects were young policemen. The data showed a strong effect of the similarity variable, with significantly more aggression being shown to a dissimilar partner. However, external reward did not lead to a clear increase of aggression. In the discussion attention is given to the relevance of these data to the problem of control of violence in our society. 相似文献
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M. Jane Ayer Richard W. Thoreson Alfred J. Butler 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1966,44(6):631-637
The purpose of this investigation was to assess the value of selected demographic and personality variables in the prediction of rehabilitation success of handicapped individuals. Demographic data and MMPI scores of 79 clients who had been served by a state Division of Vocational Rehabilitation (DVR) were used as predictor variables in a multiple-regression analysis. An attempt was made to predict three criteria: occupational level, upward mobility, and closure status. The multiple correlations for each of the three regression equations approached significance at the .05 level. Correlations significant at the .05 level, were found between age at onset, age at time of application, type of disability, and education, for one or more of the criteria. Significant beta weights were obtained for age at time of application, IQ, and the Mf, K, and Pd scales from the MMPI. 相似文献
337.
The results of a controlled experimental trial into an ultra-short protocolled treatment for quarrelling couples are reported. Fifty-five couples were randomly allocated to two treatment conditions and one waiting list/control condition. The treatment conditions focused on self-control by time-out including writing. In the interactional treatment the partners wrote letters to each other when they felt angry. In the individual treatment the partners were instructed to evaluate their own role in the conflict without sharing the writing with their partner. In accordance with expectactations, the quality of the relationship of the treated couples improved significantly compared to the waiting list control group. No differences were found between the two experimental conditions. 相似文献
338.
Alfred Kracher 《Zygon》2000,35(3):481-487
Stories about the divine are meant to help our imagination cope with what is ultimately not fully imaginable. In the process we make use of metaphors that rely on quantitative relationships to express the qualitative difference between the reality accessible to us and the transcendent reality of God. For example, because we have no notion of what it would mean to "be outside of time," eternity tends to be explained in terms of infinite temporality. With the increasingly bizarre and unimaginable worldview of contemporary physics, it is perhaps no longer clear what the difference is between the unknown and the unknowable, or even whether it is possible to articulate a meaningful difference. Science appears to have outrun theology in creating stories that engage our imagination. How to overcome the difficulties this raises, particularly with respect to a widening gulf between academic analysis and popular belief, is at present not clear. A "flight from metaphor" into formalized theory, although apparently valid in science, leads to a dead end in theology. A re-thinking of many traditional concepts, such as immanence and transcendence, seems to be indicated. 相似文献
339.
Societal pressures, accreditation organizations, and licensing agencies are emphasizing the importance of ethics in the engineering
curriculum. Traditionally, this subject has been taught using dogma, heuristics, and case study approaches. Most recently
a number of organizations have sought to increase the utility of these approaches by utilizing the Internet. Resources from
these organizations include on-line courses and tests, videos, and DVDs. While these individual approaches provide a foundation
on which to base engineering ethics, they may be limited in developing a student’s ability to identify, analyze, and respond
to engineering ethics situations outside of the classroom environment. More effective approaches utilize a combination of
these types of approaches. This paper describes the design and development of an internet based interactive Simulator for
Engineering Ethics Education. The simulator places students in first person perspective scenarios involving different types
of ethical situations. Students must gather data, assess the situation, and make decisions. This requires students to develop
their own ability to identify and respond to ethical engineering situations. A limited comparison between the internet based
interactive simulator and conventional internet web based instruction indicates a statistically significant improvement of
32% in instructional effectiveness. The simulator is currently being used at the University of Houston to help fulfill ABET
requirements. 相似文献
340.
Rachel Lucas‐Thompson Wendy A. Goldberg Gary R. Germo Meret A. Keller Elysia P. Davis Curt A. Sandman 《Infant and child development》2009,18(6):521-544
The objective of this short‐term longitudinal study was to examine the concurrent and prospective associations of infants' sleep arrangements and night waking with cortisol responses to an inoculation at 6 and 12 months, controlling for several key covariates. To our knowledge, this was the first study to concurrently and prospectively link proximity in sleep arrangements and night waking to physiological stress reactivity. A sample of 92 mother–infant dyads participated in the study when the infants were 6 and 12 months of age, although sample sizes were reduced for some analyses. Both proximal cosleeping arrangements and more frequent night wakings' were associated concurrently with an increased cortisol response to inoculations at both ages. Night waking at 6 months also was associated with a slightly increased cortisol response to inoculation at 12 months. Results aimed at exploring the direction of influence suggested that cosleeping and night waking may influence infant stress physiology rather than the reverse. Adaptive and maladaptive implications of infants' nocturnal experiences and greater stress‐induced cortisol responses are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献