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851.
Alexander C. Kline Alexandra B. Klein Alexandra R. Bowling Norah C. Feeny 《Behavior Therapy》2021,52(4):1019-1030
Exposure-based therapies for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and anxiety disorders remain underutilized, despite their effectiveness and widescale dissemination efforts. This study surveyed a broad range of licensed providers (N = 155) to examine rates at which prolonged exposure (PE) and other interventions are used to treat PTSD and to investigate provider characteristics linked to exposure beliefs and utilization. While 92.3% of clinicians reported understanding of or training in exposure, only 55.5% of providers reported use of PE to treat PTSD. Clinicians with current cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) orientation, CBT training orientation, a doctoral degree, and training in PE endorsed greater likelihood of exposure utilization for PTSD (ps < .001, ds = 0.82–1.98) and less negative beliefs about exposure (ps < .01, ds = 0.55–2.00). Exposure beliefs also differed based on healthcare setting (p < .001). Among providers trained in exposure (n = 106), master’s degree and non-CBT current theoretical orientation were associated with high utilization yet also negative beliefs. Results suggest exposure training, accurate beliefs, and utilization still lag among some groups of providers. Additionally, negative beliefs and misunderstanding of the exposure rationale may persist even among providers who are trained and report high utilization. 相似文献
852.
853.
Alexander Pastukhov Johanna Prasch Claus-Christian Carbon 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2018,80(5):1193-1204
Our brain constantly tries to anticipate the future by using a variety of memory mechanisms. Interestingly, studies using the intermittent presentation of multistable displays have shown little perceptual persistence for interruptions longer than a few hundred milliseconds. Here we examined whether we can facilitate the perceptual stability of bistable displays following a period of invisibility by employing a physically plausible and ecologically valid occlusion event sequence, as opposed to the typical intermittent presentation, with sudden onsets and offsets. To this end, we presented a bistable rotating structure-from-motion display that was moving along a linear horizontal trajectory on the screen and either was temporarily occluded by another object (a cardboard strip in Exp. 1, a computer-generated image in Exp. 2) or became invisible due to eye closure (Exp. 3). We report that a bistable rotation direction reliably persisted following occlusion or interruption only (1) if the pre- and postinterruption locations overlapped spatially (an occluder with apertures in Exp. 2 or brief, spontaneous blinks in Exp. 3) or (2) if an object’s size allowed for the efficient grouping of dots on both sides of the occluding object (large objects in Exp. 1). In contrast, we observed no persistence whenever the pre- and postinterruption locations were nonoverlapping (large solid occluding objects in Exps. 1 and 2 and long, prompted blinks in Exp. 3). We report that the bistable rotation direction of a moving object persisted only for spatially overlapping neural representations, and that persistence was not facilitated by a physically plausible and ecologically valid occlusion event. 相似文献
854.
Alexander P. Christensen Yoed N. Kenett Katherine N. Cotter Roger E. Beaty Paul J. Silvia 《欧洲人格杂志》2018,32(4):480-492
Openness to experience—the enjoyment of novel experiences and ideas—has many connections to cognitive processes. People high in openness to experience, for example, tend to be more creative and have broader general knowledge than people low in openness to experience. In the current study, we use a network science approach to examine if the organization of semantic memory differs between high and low groups of openness to experience. A sample of 516 adults completed measures of openness to experience (from the NEO Five‐Factor Inventory‐3 and Big Five Aspect Scales) and a semantic verbal fluency task. Next, the sample was split into half to form high (n = 258) and low (n = 258) openness to experience groups. Semantic networks were then constructed on the basis of their verbal fluency responses. Our results revealed that the high openness to experience group's network was more interconnected, flexible, and had better local organization of associations than the low openness to experience group. We also found that the high openness to experience group generated more responses on average and provided more unique responses than the low openness to experience group. Taken together, our results indicate that openness to experience is related to semantic memory structure. © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology 相似文献
855.
From self‐defeating to other defeating: Examining the effects of leader procrastination on follower work outcomes 下载免费PDF全文
Alison Legood Allan Lee Gary Schwarz Alexander Newman 《Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology》2018,91(2):430-439
This research examines the influence of leader procrastination on employee attitudes and behaviours. While previous studies have typically viewed procrastination as a form of self‐defeating behaviour, this research explores its effects on others in the workplace. In Study 1, using data collected from 290 employees, we demonstrate the discriminant and relative predictive validity of leader procrastination on leadership effectiveness compared with laissez‐faire leadership and directive leadership. In Study 2, based on dyadic data collected in three phases from 250 employees and their 23 supervisors, we found that leader procrastination was associated with follower discretionary behaviour (organizational citizenship behaviour and deviant behaviour). Additionally, job frustration was found to mediate the relationship between leader procrastination and follower outcomes. The quality of the leader–follower relationship, as a boundary condition, was shown to mitigate the detrimental effects of leader procrastination. Together, the findings suggest that leader procrastination is a distinct form of negative leadership behaviour that represents an important source of follower job frustration.
Practitioner points
- Leader procrastination is different from laissez‐faire and directive leadership and can be detrimental to followers.
- Job frustration mediates the relationship between leader procrastination and follower discretionary behaviour.
- Organizations should facilitate high‐quality LMX relationships as a method for mitigating the negative effects of leader procrastination.
856.
Alexander Scherrer Stefan Jakobsson Karl‐Heinz Küfer 《Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis》2016,23(5-6):174-182
Focused ultrasound therapy (FUS) is a modern and promising way for minimally invasive cancer treatment. Recent advances in treatment technology, bio‐physical models, and numerical simulation methods have given rise to a significant curative potential. However, clinical routine of FUS still features classical planning approaches, which widely fail in exploiting this potential. The structure of FUS planning problems strongly suggests interactive multi‐criteria decision‐making concepts in order to improve treatment quality. This research work introduces an multi‐criteria decision‐making approach to FUS planning and explains how to bridge the conceptual gap between the clinical state of the art and this new planning paradigm. 相似文献
857.
Research on human navigation has indicated that males and females differ in self-reported navigation strategy as well as objective measures of navigation efficiency. In two experiments, we investigated sex differences in navigation strategy and efficiency using an objective measure of strategy, the dual-solution paradigm (DSP; Marchette, Bakker, & Shelton, 2011). Although navigation by shortcuts and learned routes were the primary strategies used in both experiments, as in previous research on the DSP, individuals also utilized route reversals and sometimes found the goal location as a result of wandering. Importantly, sex differences were found in measures of both route selection and navigation efficiency. In particular, males were more likely to take shortcuts and reached their goal location faster than females, while females were more likely to follow learned routes and wander. Self-report measures of strategy were only weakly correlated with objective measures of strategy, casting doubt on their usefulness. This research indicates that the sex difference in navigation efficiency is large, and only partially related to an individual’s navigation strategy as measured by the dual-solution paradigm. 相似文献
858.
Alexander Schuhr 《Basic and applied social psychology》2016,38(5):241-257
There is a widespread consensus regarding the importance of self-control for various personal and social issues. However, the concept itself remains elusive, with numerous definitions and operational measurements competing. This article proposes a widely applicable statistical framework. Most theories propose that multiple, usually two, latent processes affect self-control. Mixture models can estimate to what extent hypothesized processes explain choice data. They also allow measuring how various dispositional and situational variables affect the relative contribution of each process considered. The approach promises to help seizing the concept of self-control, testing competing theories, and clarifying the effect of various variables. 相似文献
859.
Alexander Krüger Jan Tünnermann Ingrid Scharlau 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2016,12(1):20-38
Particular differences between an object and its surrounding cause salience,
guide attention, and improve performance in various tasks. While much research
has been dedicated to identifying which feature dimensions contribute to
salience, much less regard has been paid to the quantitative strength of the
salience caused by feature differences. Only a few studies systematically
related salience effects to a common salience measure, and they are partly
outdated in the light of new findings on the time course of salience effects. We
propose Bundesen’s Theory of Visual Attention (TVA) as a theoretical basis for
measuring salience and introduce an empirical and modeling approach to link this
theory to data retrieved from temporal-order judgments. With this procedure, TVA
becomes applicable to a broad range of salience-related stimulus material. Three
experiments with orientation pop-out displays demonstrate the feasibility of the
method. A 4th experiment substantiates its applicability to the luminance
dimension. 相似文献
860.