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61.
Computer-simulated microworlds bridge the gap between the complexity of field investigations and the rigor of laboratory studies. The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the major methodological issues involved in developing and using computer-simulated microworlds for the psychological study of complex decision-making behavior. These issues comprise flexibility and generality in the microworlds that can be created, adequate psychological validity, automatic trial administration and data logging, capacity to interface simulations of psychological processes, and adequate testing and documentation. Each of these issues is illustrated by indicating how it has been addressed in Fire Chief, a microworld generating program specifically designed for creating realistic, yet controllable, decision-making task environments in the psychology laboratory. Fire Chief (Omodei & Wearing, 1993a) is introduced as both fully portable to other research teams and suitable for use in many different contexts requiring a complex task situation. 相似文献
62.
63.
Franz von Benda-Beckmann 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1994,7(3):55-67
This article examines the ways in which the linkage between good governance and economic development has originally developed
as alegal discussion constrained by the constitution of the World Bank. This normative character of the linkage has subsequently shaped
discussions about good governance. It is here argued that this tends to lead these discussions to focus on selective and normative
aspects of the interrelations between economic, political and legal-administrative structures and institutions. While the
role of law is increasingly acknowledged in more recent debates and policy statements, law tends to be approached from a normative
economic or legal perspective that does not provide much insight into the social significance of law. Too little attention
is given to anthropological or sociological approaches to legal pluralism in society. These factors combine to detract attention
from the fact that governance issues in reality deal withbad rather than with good governance.
Franz von Benda-Beckmann is professor in the department of Agrarian Law of the Agricultural University Wageningen and teaches
on law and rural development in Third World states and anthropology of law. He holds a doctorate in law and aHabilitation in anthropology. His primary research interests are issues of property rights and social security in rural development, legal
pluralism and legal anthropological theory.
This is a revised version of a paper presented in the 1993 RAWOO (Advisory Council for Scientific Research in Development
Problems) lecture series. 相似文献
64.
Michael von Grunau Stéphane Dubé Cesar Galera 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1994,55(5):575-592
Effects of the similarity between target and distractors in a visual search task were investigated in several experiments. Both familiar (numerals and letters) and unfamiliar (connected figures in a 5 × 5 matrix) stimuli were used. The observer had to report on the presence or absence of a target among a variable number of homogeneous distractors as fast and as accurately as possible. It was found that physical difference had the same clear effect on processing time far familiar and for unfamiliar stimuli: processing time decreased monotonically with increasing physical difference. Distractors unrelated to the target and those related to the target by a simple transformation (180° rotation, horizontal or vertical reflection) were also compared, while the physical difference was kept constant. For familiar stimuli, transformational relatedness increased processing time in comparison with that fort unrelated stimulus pairs. It was further shown in a scaling experiment that this effect could be accounted for by the amount of perceived similarity of the target-distractor pairs. For unfamiliar stimuli, transformational relatedness did have a smaller and less pronounced effect. Various comparable unrelated distractors resulted in a full range of processing times. Results from a similarity scaling experiment correlated well with the outcome of the experiments with unfamiliar stimuli. These results are interpreted in terms of an underlying continuum of perceived similarity as the basis of the speed of visual search, rather than a dichotomy of parallel versus serial processing. 相似文献
65.
Franz von Kutschera 《Erkenntnis》1991,35(1-3):305-323
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
66.
Jan von Plato 《Erkenntnis》1989,31(2-3):263-282
Bruno de Finetti's earliest works on the foundations of probability are reviewed. These include the notion of exchangeability and the theory of random processes with independent increments. The latter theory relates to de Finetti's ideas for a probabilistic science more generally. Different aspects of his work are united by his foundational programme for a theory of subjective probabilities.This work would not have been possible in its present form without the generous help of Prof. Maria Carla Galavotti. For several years, she has unfailingly answered all my requests for papers difficult of access, and discussed the details of interpretation as well as the philosophy of probability in general. To her I express my gratitude for everything. 相似文献
67.
Alexander Agadjanian 《Journal of Contemporary Religion》1996,11(1):69-76
Recent developments have brought about rapid changes in Russian society which in turn have reshaped the religious landscape in that country. Looking at traditional religion as well as new forms of religiosity the author argues that Russia is experiencing a continuing religious renewal rather than a revival. He examines the diversity of religious groups in relation to pluralism and social inequality. 相似文献
68.
Preference for stimulus complexity across the life-span was investigated with 175 females ranging in age from 17 to 72 yr. of age. Preference for complexity appeared to be age-invariant and monotonic function. Relationships to previous findings are discussed. 相似文献
69.
Detlof von Winterfeldt 《Journal of mathematical psychology》1980,21(1):66-82
This experiment analyzed human preferences among even chance gambles for commodity bundles. The purpose of the experiment was to test several independence assumptions that distinguish between models for risky multiattribute preferences. In particular, the additivity and the expected utility part of the additive expected utility model were tested symmetrically. The degree and form of model violations were established, and the effects of instructions and of response modes were examined. All independence assumptions were violated by a bias to prefer a gamble or a commodity bundle that was previously matched against a standard. Systematic and strong violations that superseded this bias questioned the validity of the additive expected utility model. In violation of the additivity part of that model subjects consistently preferred the gamble with more balanced outcomes when comparing gambles with identical marginal probability distributions. This trend, called multiattribute risk aversion, was independent of subjects' single attribute risk attitude. Instructions and response modes had no noticeable impacts on these response patterns. 相似文献
70.
Alexander Pollatsek Shmuel Bolozky Arnold D. Well Keith Rayner 《Brain and language》1981,14(1):174-180
Native Israeli readers read Hebrew and English text as their eye movements were monitored. A window of text moved in synchrony with their eye movements and the window was either symmetrical about the fixation point or offset to the left or right. When subjects were reading Hebrew, the perceptual span was asymmetric to the left and when they were reading English it was asymmetric to the right. The results point out the importance of attentional factors in reading. 相似文献