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231.
Complexity is conventionally defined as the level of detail or intricacy contained within a picture. The study of complexity has received relatively little attention-in part, because of the absence of an acceptable metric. Traditionally, normative ratings of complexity have been based on human judgments. However, this study demonstrates that published norms for visual complexity are biased. Familiarity and learning influence the subjective complexity scores for nonsense shapes, with a significant training x familiarity interaction [F(1,52) = 17.53, p < .05]. Several image-processing techniques were explored as alternative measures of picture and image complexity. A perimeter detection measure correlates strongly with human judgments of the complexity of line drawings of real-world objects and nonsense shapes and captures some of the processes important in judgments of subjective complexity, while removing the bias due to familiarity effects. 相似文献
232.
Alex J. Bishop 《Pastoral Psychology》2006,55(2):131-143
The purpose of this study was to explore age and gender differences in the adaptation and well-being of older adults residing in Catholic monasteries. Participants included 235 members, age 64 and older, from the Order of St. Benedict. 2 (Age) × 2 (Gender) analyses of variance were computed to determine significant differences. Young-old persons reported greater friendship, coping behaviors, and personal growth, however, old-old individuals reported greater engagement in religious coping and greater depression. In addition, women reported greater coping behaviors, life satisfaction, and personal growth, but men reported greater depression. The results have implications on how pastoral care providers and counselors can improve quality of life among older adults living in contemplative religious settings. 相似文献
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234.
Allen Wood 《Topoi》2006,25(1-2):133-136
Philosophical thinking, in the historically original sense, is simply the human mind in operation, unaided by anything supernatural
and unfettered by any human authority or any procedure for reaching some pre-given end. This means that “philosophy” originally
included far more than it does now, including all the natural sciences, as well as rational reflection on society, history,
and art. What this means for us now is that philosophy must be an essentially outward-facing discipline, open to others. Most
importantly, it needs now to be open to the sciences, to practical social reflection, and to its own history. But what philosophy
brings to all its reflections is above all a spirit of critical reflection, respect for evidence and argument, and a ruthless
honesty that demands of people that they form their beliefs and views of life according to the best reasons and information
they have, rather than forming their views according to their wishes or prejudices, or letting them be dictated by authorities
or social traditions. In this sense, we are living in an unphilosophical, or even anti-philosophical, age, but this makes
it all the more important for philosophy to continue to do its work. 相似文献
235.
Christy Capone Mark D Wood Brian Borsari Robert D Laird 《Psychology of addictive behaviors》2007,21(3):316-327
This study used latent growth curve modeling to investigate whether the effects of gender and Greek involvement on alcohol use and problems over the first 2 years of college are best characterized by selection, socialization, or reciprocal influence processes. Three social influences (alcohol offers, social modeling, and perceived norms) were examined as potential mediators of these effects. Undergraduate participants (N = 388) completed self-report measures prior to enrollment and in the spring of their freshmen and sophomore years. Male gender and involvement in the Greek system were associated with greater alcohol use and problems prior to college. Both gender and Greek involvement significantly predicted increases in alcohol use and problems over the first 2 years of college. Cross-domain analyses provided strong support for a mediational role of each of the social influence constructs on alcohol use and problems prior to matriculation, and prematriculation social modeling and alcohol offers mediated relations between Greek involvement and changes in alcohol use over time. Findings suggest that students, particularly men, who affiliate with Greek organizations constitute an at-risk group prior to entering college, suggesting the need for selected interventions with this population, which should take place before or during the pledging process. 相似文献
236.
237.
Sher KJ Bartholow BD Peuser K Erickson DJ Wood MD 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2007,116(2):362-377
The present study sought to characterize alcohol's stress-response-dampening (SRD) effects on multiple measures of stress and whether these effects are mediated by reductions in sustained attention and, further, whether baseline levels of sustained attention moderate SRD. One hundred six men consumed either an alcohol (0.70 g/kg) or a placebo beverage prior to learning that they would deliver a self-disclosing speech. Structural equation models controlling for multiple baseline periods indicated that alcohol directly reduced self-reported anxiety and skin conductance levels in response to the stressor. Alcohol's effect on reducing heart rate response, in contrast, was indirect and mediated by effects on prestress baseline. As hypothesized, differences in sustained attention partially mediated the effects of alcohol on skin conductance (but not heart rate or self-reported anxiety) and served as a moderator of alcohol's effects on skin conductance response. Findings are discussed in terms of theoretical links among alcohol consumption, specific cognitive abilities, and stress reactivity. 相似文献
238.
239.
Thin slices of negotiation: predicting outcomes from conversational dynamics within the first 5 minutes 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In this research the authors examined whether conversational dynamics occurring within the first 5 minutes of a negotiation can predict negotiated outcomes. In a simulated employment negotiation, microcoding conducted by a computer showed that activity level, conversational engagement, prosodic emphasis, and vocal mirroring predicted 30% of the variance in individual outcomes. The conversational dynamics associated with success among high-status parties were different from those associated with success among low-status parties. Results are interpreted in light of theory and research exploring the predictive power of "thin slices" of behavior (N. Ambady & R. Rosenthal, 1992). Implications include the development of new technology to diagnose and improve negotiation processes. 相似文献
240.
Alex Byrne 《Philosophical Studies》2007,135(3):439-449
A discussion of Quine and Davidson, as interpreted and criticized in Scott Soames’ Philosophical Analysis in the Twentieth Century, Volume II. 相似文献