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161.
Christos Pantelis Murat Yücel Emre Bora Alex Fornito Renée Testa Warrick J. Brewer Dennis Velakoulis Stephen J. Wood 《Neuropsychology review》2009,19(3):385-398
In this review, we describe neuropsychological and brain imaging findings in the early stages of psychosis and schizophrenia.
We focus on recent clinical high-risk studies and consider whether the evidence supports these as ‘endophenotypes’ of a vulnerability
to the illness or as ‘biomarkers’ of illness onset and transition. The findings suggest that there are a number of processes
at psychosis onset that may represent biomarkers of incipient illness. These neurobiological indices particularly implicate
the integrity of frontal and temporal cortices, which may or may not be related to the genetics of psychosis (i.e. potential
‘endophenotypes’). However, these brain regions are dynamically changing during normal maturation, meaning that any putative
neurobiological markers identified at the earliest stages of illness may be relatively unstable. We suggest that, while such
measures may be readily identified as potential neurobiological markers of established illness, they are inconsistent at (or
around) the time of illness onset when assessed cross-sectionally. Instead, identification of more valid risk markers may
require longitudinal assessment to ascertain normal or abnormal trajectories of neurodevelopment. Accordingly, we assert that
the current conceptualisations of potential biomarkers and/or ‘endophenotypes’ for schizophrenia may need to be reconsidered
in the context of normal and abnormal brain maturational processes at the time of onset of psychotic disorders. 相似文献
162.
Do Colours Look Like Dispositions? Reply to Langsam and Others 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Alex Byrne 《The Philosophical quarterly》2001,51(203):238-245
Dispositional theories of colour have been attacked by McGinn and others on the ground that 'Colours do not look like dispositions'. Langsam has argued that on the contrary they do, in 'Why Colours Do Look Like Dispositions', The Philosophical Quarterly , 50 (2000), pp. 68–75. I make three claims. First, neither side has made its case. Secondly, it is true, at least on one interpretation, that colours do not look like dispositions. Thirdly, this does not show that dispositionalism about colours is false. 相似文献
163.
164.
A Markovian model of repeated recall is presented that is based on four memory processes: (a) a presentation increment that strengthens the memory trace of a word when the word is shown to a subject, (b) a recall increment that strengthens the trace when the subject successfully recalls the word, (c) a cueing decrement that weakens the trace as contextual cues for retrieving a word change over successive trials of attempted recall, and (d) a sampling rule that translates the strength of a memory trace into a probability of recall. Mathematically, the model predicts the relative frequencies of the recall patterns that are defined by sequences of recalls and forgets for individual words over trials. According to the model, the recallability of a word depends on its state, which is a function of (a) whether the word has been recalled for the first time, and if so, then (b) how many consecutive forgets of the word immediately precede the current trial, (c) how many successful recalls of the word have accumulated, and (d) how many previous trials of attempted recall have elapsed. Paradigms that were well described by the model were (a) no reminding, in which words were presented once and then recalled repeatedly without additional presentations; (b) restricted reminding, in which words were presented before each trial of attempted recall up to their first successful recall but not thereafter; and (c) complete reminding, in which all words were presented befor each attempted recall, whether previously recalled or not. Differences in recall among these conditions were explained in terms of differences in values of the model's parameters. 相似文献
165.
166.
A new questionnaire was constructed for the measurement of a hypothetical personality trait of ‘health care’, i.e. care and respect for the physical integrity of the body. It was found that the trait was a component of Cattell's self-sentiment factor. This yielded a new and more comprehensive self-sentiment questionnaire. The new questionnaire was validated by the demonstration of low scores in heroin addicts and alcoholics. Further investigation showed that the self-sentiment is highly correlated with P, of which it is best regarded as an additional expression. This result confirms the interpretation of P as the negative pole of a broad super-ego or socialization factor. 相似文献
167.
168.
Instrumental learning of preschool children in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Australia (AUST) was compared using two tasks (imitative and nonimitative) and two rewards (social and nonsocial). There were no differences between the two groups in the rate of acquisition measure of trials to criterion. PNG children made more late responses during acquisition and, for nil responses, there were group x task and group x reward x task effects. In the extinction phase, there were two main effects for trials to criterion: PNG children were more resistant to extinction than AUST children, and there was greater persistence in responding after social reward regardless of nationality. Reward x group, reward x task, and reward x group x task interactions also were observed in the extinction trials to criterion. In addition, there were three main task effects during extinction for other responses: on the imitative task, more wrong responses were made, and on the nonimitative task, more extra responses and more paired responses were made. A subsidiary analysis compared the two culturally different but educationally similar groups comprising the PNG sample: no major differences were isolated in acquisition or extinction. 相似文献
169.
A clinical trial of semi-automated desensitization on phobic patients. Twelve received treatment with a therapist present and 12 received treatment from pre-recorded tapes. Therapy lasted a maximum of 16 weekly sessions. Assessment of progress was by means of self-ratings of phobic behaviour and more global fear ratings, made by the referring psychiatrist. Both treatments produced beneficial results. Both ratings agreed in finding no significant differences between the two methods of administration, thus confirming results from existing non-clinical trials of automated desensitization. Regardless of treatment group, agoraphobics and social phobics tended to improve less markedly, and less rapidly than simple phobics. Some implications of automated therapy for clinical practice are discussed. 相似文献
170.