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881.
Organizational researchers have long been interested in studying bottom‐up multilevel processes where lower level units (e.g., employees) in organizations interact to jointly create characteristics of higher level units (e.g., work groups). This article contributes to the literature on bottom‐up processes by detailing a statistical approach—the consensus emergence model (CEM)—that allows researchers to study emergence of shared perceptions and feelings or climates in groups over time. The described methodological approach extends standard multilevel methodology by examining residual variances within a growth model to account for dynamic change in group consensus. The CEM provides a formal test for consensus emergence. The approach also allows researchers to test explanatory models of consensus emergence by including person‐level, group‐level, and observation‐level predictors. We illustrate the CEM by applying the method to data from two longitudinal studies of work units. The first study investigated job satisfaction in military companies. Our second study examined professional archeologists working in groups on a field excavation mission and focused on fatigue at the end of the work day. Our analyses demonstrate the CEM's ability to detect and study emergence, and suggest that the CEM may be a valuable tool to help extend the study of emergence in organizational research. 相似文献
882.
Guiquan Li Alex L. Rubenstein Weipeng Lin Mo Wang Xingwen Chen 《Personnel Psychology》2018,71(3):369-397
Leaders are encouraged to show benevolence to followers in paternalistic cultures. Yet, there remains debate about whether the influence of increasingly benevolent leadership on follower outcomes is linearly favorable. Grounded in the too‐much‐of‐a‐good‐thing effect and resource allocation theory, we developed and tested a model considering a potential curvilinear relationship between benevolent leadership and team performance while also examining the mediating role of team action processes. We further reasoned that this curvilinear indirect effect would be moderated by team commitment, which could neutralize the diminishing performance returns resulting from excessive benevolent leadership. To test these ideas, we carried out two studies. In the first study, multisource and time‐lagged data collected from 381 employees working in 104 research and development teams showed that benevolent leadership exhibited an inverted U‐shaped relationship with team performance, but this curvilinear relationship disappeared in teams with high team commitment. In the second study, we replicated and extended our results using a sample of 417 employees from 101 hotel management teams of a large hotel chain. Specifically, we found an inverted U‐shaped relationship between benevolent leadership and team action processes, which mediated the inverted U‐shaped relationship between benevolent leadership and team performance. Moreover, this indirect curvilinear effect only held in teams with low team commitment. We discuss the implications of our findings for both theory and practice. 相似文献
883.
Jonathan Intravia Benjamin R Gibbs Kevin T Wolff Rocio Paez Allison Bernheimer Alex R Piquero 《Deviant behavior》2018,39(10):1305-1321
Research has demonstrated strong but independent attention to the role of self-control and street code attitudes in predicting criminal and violent behavior. Yet, there are good theoretical notions to believe that street code attitudes may be a salient mechanism in the self-control–offending relationship. Specifically, the present study investigates: (1) the extent to which self-control predicts adopting street code attitudes and (2) whether street code attitudes mediate the effect of self-control on criminal behavior. Using data collected from a multisite sample of over 900 young adults, we assess this mediation hypothesis for three distinct types of criminal activity: violent, property, and drug use. Our results reveal that individuals with lower self-control are more likely to adopt street code attitudes, that self-control is related to all three forms of offending, and that street code attitudes fully mediate the effect of self-control on violence, partially on property crime, but not in the case of drug use. Findings and directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
884.
Alex Leveringhaus 《Journal of applied philosophy》2018,35(2):341-358
Robotic warfare has now become a real prospect. One issue that has generated heated debate concerns the development of ‘Killer Robots’. These are weapons that, once programmed, are capable of finding and engaging a target without supervision by a human operator. From a conceptual perspective, the debate on Killer Robots has been rather confused, not least because it is unclear how central elements of these weapons can be defined. Offering a precise take on the relevant conceptual issues, the article contends that Killer Robots are best seen as executors of targeting decisions made by their human programmers. However, from a normative perspective, the execution of targeting decisions by Killer Robots should worry us. The article argues that what is morally bad about Killer Robots is that they replace human agency in warfare with artificial agency, a development which should be resisted. Finally, the article contends that the issue of agency points to a wider problem in just war theory, namely the role of moral rights in our normative reasoning on armed conflict. 相似文献
885.
Across a variety of situations, people strongly condemn plagiarizers who steal credit for ideas, even when the theft in question does not appear to harm anyone. Why would people react negatively to relatively harmless acts of plagiarism? In six experiments, we predict and find that these negative reactions are driven by people's aversion toward agents who attempt to falsely improve their reputations. In Studies 1–3, participants condemn plagiarism cases that they agree are harmless (i.e., stealing credit from an anonymous source). This effect is mediated by the extent to which participants perceive the plagiarizer to have falsely benefitted from plagiarizing. In Studies 4–5, we demonstrate that this effect is not explained solely by participants’ negative response to lies or violations of permission. In Study 6, participants condemn a plagiarism case in which the idea's original author actually benefits, providing the strongest evidence that people condemn plagiarism for reasons beyond perceived harm. We discuss how this work connects to broader questions of intellectual property and impression management. 相似文献
886.
Hazel I. Blythe Jonathan H. Dickins Colin R. Kennedy Simon P. Liversedge 《Developmental science》2018,21(5)
There has been considerable variability within the literature concerning the extent to which deaf/hard of hearing individuals are able to process phonological codes during reading. Two experiments are reported in which participants’ eye movements were recorded as they read sentences containing correctly spelled words (e.g., church), pseudohomophones (e.g., cherch), and spelling controls (e.g., charch). We examined both foveal processing and parafoveal pre‐processing of phonology for three participant groups—teenagers with permanent childhood hearing loss (PCHL), chronological age‐matched controls, and reading age‐matched controls. The teenagers with PCHL showed a pseudohomophone advantage from both directly fixated words and parafoveal preview, similar to their hearing peers. These data provide strong evidence for phonological recoding during silent reading in teenagers with PCHL. 相似文献
887.
Ying‐Min Zou Ke Ni Yan‐Yu Wang En‐Qing Yu Simon S. Y. Lui Fu‐Chun Zhou Han‐Xue Yang Alex S. Cohen Gregory P. Strauss Eric F. C. Cheung Raymond C. K. Chan 《PsyCh Journal》2020,9(2):210-222
Amotivational symptoms are observed in schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BD), and major depressive disorder (MDD). Effort–cost computation may be a potential contributor to amotivation transdiagnostically. This study examined effort–cost computation in these three diagnostic groups. This study recruited 141 outpatients (49 SCZ, 52 non‐psychotic BD, and 40 non‐psychotic MDD) and 57 healthy controls (HCs). We administered the Effort‐Expenditure for Reward Task (EEfRT), which manipulated different levels of reward magnitude and probability relating to a high and low physical effort task. There were significant interactions between group and reward magnitude, group and reward probability, and group and expected value on the percentage of high‐effort choices. SCZ, BD, and MDD patients made comparably fewer high‐effort choices than HCs in the high‐reward magnitude, high‐reward probability, and high‐expected‐value conditions. Self‐reported amotivation did not correlate with decision‐making on the EEfRT. Our findings suggest that reduced effort expenditure for reward is a transdiagnostic phenotype in SCZ, BD, and MDD. 相似文献
888.
This heuristic study explores the impact of training in emotion‐focused therapy (EFT) on the personal and professional lives of the researcher and research participants. It provides personal accounts of growing emotional self‐awareness and suggests that training in EFT fostered increased emotional self‐assurance among participants and increased their authenticity with clients. 相似文献
889.
Jennifer L. Glick Alex Lopez Miranda Pollock Katherine P. Theall 《International Journal of Transgenderism》2020,21(3):337-349
AbstractBackground: Housing is an important social determinant of health (SDOH). Transgender people face a unique blend of discrimination and compromised social services, putting them at risk for housing insecurity and associated public health concerns.Aims: This targeted ethnography explores housing insecurity as a SDOH among transgender people in the U.S.Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted with transgender people (n?=?41) throughout the U.S.A., identified through purposive sampling. A semi-structured guide was used to elicit personal stories and peer accounts of insecure housing experiences and coping strategies. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. Data was coded, sorted, and analyzed for key themes.Results: Responses revealed pervasive housing insecurity and inter-related challenges. Respondents discussed how intersecting identities create unique constellations of vulnerability, which “intersect like a star.” Financial insecurity and interpersonal rejection were lead housing insecurity causes, often resulting in psychological strain, which was sometimes addressed with substances and sexual risk-taking. These factors were cyclically accompanied by financial and employment insecurity and a cascade of unmet social needs. Social support facilitated coping.Discussion: Findings support increasing transgender housing security intervention resources that address intersecting and cyclical discrimination, trauma, housing, employment, and health issues. 相似文献
890.