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171.
Neediness, as a maladaptive form of interpersonal dependency, has been implicated in a range of psychopathology, most commonly mood and personality disorders. In light of the literature's sparse and inconsistent findings, Bornstein, Hilsenroth, Padawer, and Fowler (2000) have called for a systematic evaluation of dependency's role across the spectrum of Axis II disorders. The current study of individuals without current or past Axis I diagnoses found that Neediness was significantly related to dimensions of dependent, borderline, and histrionic personality disorders. Implications for the assessment of interpersonal dependency and issues in need of further clarification are highlighted. 相似文献
172.
One of the most robust experience-related cortical dynamics is reduced neural activity when stimuli are repeated. This reduction has been linked to performance improvements due to repetition and also used to probe functional characteristics of neural populations. However, the underlying neural mechanisms are as yet unknown. Here, we consider three models that have been proposed to account for repetition-related reductions in neural activity, and evaluate them in terms of their ability to account for the main properties of this phenomenon as measured with single-cell recordings and neuroimaging techniques. We also discuss future directions for distinguishing between these models, which will be important for understanding the neural consequences of repetition and for interpreting repetition-related effects in neuroimaging data. 相似文献
173.
174.
Ellis and Beaton (1993a) reported that the keyword method of learning enhanced memory of foreign vocabulary items when receptive learning was measured. However, for productive learning, rote repetition was superior to the keyword method. The first two experiments reported here show that, in comparison with rote repetition, both receptive and productive learning can be enhanced by the keyword method, provided that the quality of the keyword images is adequate. In a third experiment using a subset of words from Ellis and Beaton (1993a), the finding they reported, that for productive learning rote repetition was superior to the keyword method, was reversed. The quality of keyword images will vary from study to study and any generalisation regarding the efficacy of the keyword method must take this into account. 相似文献
175.
Advance preparation reduces RT task-switching cost, which is thought to be evidence of preparatory control in the cuing task-switching paradigm. In the present study, we emphasize errors in relation to response speed. In two experiments, we show that (1) task switching increased the rate at which the currently irrelevant task was erroneously executed ("task errors") and (2) advance task preparation reduced the task error rate to that seen in nonswitch trials. The implications of the results to the hypothesis concerning task-specific preparation are discussed. 相似文献
176.
177.
Auditory trace fear conditioning is a hippocampus-dependent learning task that requires animals to associate an auditory conditioned stimulus (CS) and a fear-producing shock-unconditioned stimulus (US) that are separated by an empty 20-s trace interval. Previous studies have shown that aging impairs learning performance on hippocampus-dependent tasks. This study measured heart rate (HR) and freezing fear responses to determine if aging impairs hippocampus-dependent auditory trace fear conditioning in freely moving rats. Aging and Young rats received one long-trace fear conditioning session (10 trials). Each trial consisted of a tone-CS (5 s) and a shock-US separated by an empty 20-s trace interval. The next day rats received CS-alone retention trials. Young rats showed significantly larger HR and freezing responses on the initial CS-alone retention trials compared to the Aging rats. A control group of aging rats received fear conditioning trials with a short 1-s trace interval separating the CS and US. The Aging Short-Trace Group showed HR and freezing responses on the initial CS alone retention trials that were similar to the Young Long-Trace Group, but greater than the Aging Long-Trace Group. A second aging control group received unpaired CSs and USs, and showed no HR or freezing responses on CS-alone retention trials. These data show that HR and freezing are effective measures for detecting aging-related deficits in trace fear conditioning. 相似文献
178.
Studies have shown that task sets could be configured endogenously (i.e., on the basis of memory) according to an explicit
sequence or exogenously according to a task cue. In two experiments, we examined whether an implicitly learned sequence could
facilitate task set configuration without participants’ intention. These experiments led to opposite conclusions regarding
this question, but their methodology made it impossible to distinguish between the interpretations. We altered the task-switching
paradigm by embedding a hidden task sequence, while randomizing all other aspects, including perceptual (i.e., task cues)
and motor elements. We found that a sequence of tasks, proper, was learned implicitly and that the memory of that sequence
endogenously facilitated task decision processes without the participants’ explicit knowledge. 相似文献
179.
Measures of icon designs rely heavily on surveys of the perceptions of population samples. Thus, measuring the extent to which
changes in the structure of an icon will alter its perceived complexity can be costly and slow. An automated system capable
of producing reliable estimates of perceived complexity could reduce development costs and time. Measures of icon complexity
developed by Garcia, Badre, and Stasko (1994) and McDougall, Curry, and de Bruijn (1999) were correlated with six icon properties
measured using Matlab (MathWorks, 2001) software, which uses image-processing techniques to measure icon properties. The six
icon properties measured were icon foreground, the number of objects in an icon, the number of holes in those objects, and
two calculations of icon edges and homogeneity in icon structure. The strongest correlates with human judgments of perceived
icon complexity (McDougall et al., 1999) were structural variability (r
s = .65) and edge information (r
s = .64). 相似文献
180.