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721.
722.
723.
Alex Levine 《Synthese》2009,166(3):593-600
Nineteenth and twentieth century philosophies of science have consistently failed to identify any rational basis for the compelling
character of scientific analogies. This failure is particularly worrisome in light of the fact that the development and diffusion
of certain scientific analogies, e.g. Darwin’s analogy between domestic breeds and naturally occurring species, constitute
paradigm cases of good science. It is argued that the interactivist model, through the notion of a partition epistemology, provides a way to understand the persuasive character of compelling scientific analogies without consigning them to an irrational
or arational context of discovery. 相似文献
724.
Although it is well established that attentional biases exist in anxious populations, the specific components of visual orienting towards and away from emotional stimuli are not well delineated. The present study was designed to examine these processes. We used a modified spatial cueing task to assess the speed of engagement and disengagement from supraliminal and masked pictorial cues depicting threat, dysphoria, or neutral content in 36 clinically anxious, 41 depressed and 41 control participants. Participants were randomly assigned to a stress or neutral condition. During stress, anxious participants were slow to disengage from masked left hemifield pictures depicting threat or dysphoria, but were quick to disengage from supraliminal threat pictures. Information processing in anxious participants during stress was characterized by early selective attention of emotional stimuli, occurring prior to full conscious awareness, followed by effortful avoidance of threat. Depressed participants were distinct from the anxious group, displaying selective attention for stimuli depicting dysphoria, but not threat, during the neutral condition. In sum, attentional biases in clinical populations are associated with difficulties in the disengagement component of visual orienting. Further, a vigilant-avoidant pattern of attentional bias may represent a strategic attempt to compensate for the early activation of a fear response. 相似文献
725.
For many, the concept of videogame addiction seems far-fetched, particularly if their concepts and definitions of addiction
involve the taking of drugs. This paper overviews the small, but growing area of videogame addiction and then examines the
treatment options available for those affected by excessive videogame playing. An overview of the available empirical literature
appears to indicate that adverse effects are likely to affect only a relatively small subgroup of players and that frequent
players are the most at-risk for developing problems. Worldwide, there are relatively few practitioners that specialise in
the treatment of videogame addiction and this may be because there are so few players who are genuinely addicted to playing
videogames. However, the Internet may be facilitating excessive online game playing as evidenced by the increasing number
of specialist addiction treatment clinics for online videogame addiction. This paper overviews the various approaches that
have been used as an intervention in treating videogame addicts, including online support groups, 12-step programmes, behavioural
and cognitive-behavioural therapies, and motivational interviewing. 相似文献
726.
The 'content view', in slogan form, is 'Perceptual experiences have representational content'. I explain why the content view should be reformulated to remove any reference to 'experiences'. I then argue, against Bill Brewer, Charles Travis and others, that the content view is true. One corollary of the discussion is that the content of perception is relatively thin (confined, in the visual case, to roughly the output of 'mid-level' vision). Finally, I argue (briefly) that the opponents of the content view are partially vindicated, because perceptual error is due to false belief. 相似文献
727.
Measuring happiness: The higher order factor structure of subjective and psychological well-being measures 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
P. Alex Linley John Maltby Alex M. Wood Gabrielle Osborne Robert Hurling 《Personality and individual differences》2009,47(8):878-884
The nature and structure of well-being is a topic that has garnered increasing interest with the emergence of positive psychology. Limited research to date suggests two separate but related factors of subjective well-being and psychological well-being. Subjective well-being comprises an affective component of the balance between positive and negative affect, together with a cognitive component of judgments about one’s life satisfaction. Psychological well-being is conceptualised as having six components, including positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, self-acceptance, purpose in life and personal growth. In the current study, we used exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis to examine the higher order factor structure of subjective and psychological well-being in a series of large UK samples. Analyses showed that subjective well-being and psychological well-being loaded separately onto two independent but related factors, consistent with previous research. Further, we demonstrated that these loadings did not vary according to gender, age or ethnicity, providing further support for the robustness of this higher order factor structure. The discussion locates these findings in context and explores future research directions on the associations between subjective and psychological well-being over time. 相似文献
728.
729.
I argue that any theory of moral obligation must be able toexplain two things: why we cannot be thrust into a moraldilemma through no fault of our own, and why we can get intoa moral dilemma through our own negligence. The most intuitivetheory of moral obligation cannot do so. However, I offer atheory of moral obligation that satisfies both of these criteria,one that is founded on the principle that if you are required todo something, then you would be blameworthy for failing to do it.I conclude by relating these results to the current literatureon moral dilemmas. 相似文献
730.
Lindsay St. Claire Alex Clift Laura Dumbelton 《European journal of social psychology》2008,38(1):173-186
This paper extends the self‐categorisation model of symptom appraisals to predict that individuals who believe they have a given illness will perceive concurrent symptoms relevant to that illness to be more severe when they categorise themselves as members of a group of people with that illness. These predictions are supported with opportunity samples of individuals reporting, or not reporting a common cold (Study 1, N = 60) and reporting colds or tinnitus (Study 2, N = 64). In both studies, relevant symptoms were rated as more severe when illness group memberships were salient. The methodological, theoretical and clinical implications of these findings and possible therapeutic applications of self‐categorisation theory (SCT) to symptom perceptions are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献