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21.
Measurement is a process aimed at acquiring and codifying information about properties of empirical entities. In this paper
we provide an interpretation of such a process comparing it with what is nowadays considered the standard measurement theory,
i.e., representational theory of measurement. It is maintained here that this theory has its own merits but it is incomplete
and too abstract, its main weakness being the scant attention reserved to the empirical side of measurement, i.e., to measurement
systems and to the ways in which the interactions of such systems with the entities under measurement provide a structure
to an empirical domain. In particular it is claimed that (1) it is on the ground of the interaction with a measurement system
that a partition can be induced on the domain of entities under measurement and that relations among such entities can be
established, and that (2) it is the usage of measurement systems that guarantees a degree of objectivity and intersubjectivity
to measurement results. As modeled in this paper, measurement systems link the abstract theory of measuring, as developed
in representational terms, and the practice of measuring, as coded in standard documents such as the International Vocabulary of Metrology. 相似文献
22.
Alessandro Quartiroli Edward F. Etzel Sharon M. Knight Rebecca A. Zakrajsek 《Journal of Applied Sport Psychology》2013,25(2):147-167
Engaging in self-care has been proposed as a means of counteracting work–life stress that can negatively impact efforts by sport psychology practitioners (SPPs) to effectively and ethically care for their clients. Utilizing Hill's Consensual Qualitative Research methodological approach, researchers examined the perceptions, experiences, and meanings that 20 internationally located, experienced, senior-level SPPs attributed to their self-care. The researchers identified 3 main domains: (a) defining self-care for SPPs, (b) describing the self-care challenges SPPs faced, and (c) identifying the strategies used to overcome those challenges. The experienced and senior-level practitioners participating in this study recognized a need to sustain a relatively balanced approach in their professional and personal lives. They presented a perspective of self-care as necessary to effectively support and provide care for clients. The SPPs identified self-care as an important contributor to their sport psychology professional quality of life. Study findings have implications for the well-being of both novice and more experienced SPPs. 相似文献
23.
Body posture, mainly represented by horizontal bed rest, has been found to be associated with cortical inhibition, altered perceptual and cognitive processing. In the present research, the influence of Head Down Bed Rest (HDBR) – a condition also termed simulated microgravity – on emotional responses has been studied. Twenty-two male subjects were randomly assigned to either Sitting Control or HDBR group. After 3-h, subjects attended to a passive viewing emotional task in which 75 IAPS slides, divided into 25 pleasant, 25 neutral and 25 unpleasant, were presented in random order for 6 s each, while EEG was recorded from F7, F8 and Pz locations. Results showed in Sitting Controls the expected greater P300 and Late Positive Potential (LPP) to pleasant and unpleasant compared with neutral slides, an effect which indicates greater processing of emotional arousing stimuli. The HDBR group showed smaller non-significant differences among all emotional conditions in both ERP components. Arousal and valence subjective evaluations, typically less sensitive to experimental manipulation, did not differentiate groups. The observed ability of HDBR to inhibit cortical emotional responses raises an important issue on the risk that astronauts underestimate a dangerous/threatening situation or that long-term bedridden inpatients develop depressive symptoms. 相似文献
24.
Vincenzo Cestari Daniele Saraulli Pietro Spataro Alessandro Lega Antonio Sciarretta Valéria Rezende Marques Clelia Rossi-Arnaud 《Acta psychologica》2013,144(3):594-603
The present study investigated the use of perceptual binding processes in schizophrenic (SC) patients and matched healthy controls, by examining their performance on the recall of symmetrical (vertical, horizontal and diagonal) and asymmetrical patterns varying in length between 2 and 9 items. The results showed that, although SC patients were less accurate than controls in all conditions, both groups recalled symmetrical patterns better than asymmetrical ones. The impairment of SC patients was magnified with supra-span symmetrical arrays, and they were more likely to reproduce symmetrical patterns as asymmetrical, particularly at medium and high length levels. Hierarchical regression analyses further indicated that the between-group differences in the recall of supra-span vertical and horizontal arrays, which require a greater involvement of visual pattern processes, remained significant after removing the variance associated with performance on asymmetrical patterns, which primarily reflects intrafigural spatial processes. It is proposed that schizophrenia may be associated with a specific deficit in the formation and retrieval of the global visual images of studied patterns and in the use of the on-line information about the type of symmetry being tested to guide retrieval processes. 相似文献
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Ericsson and Kintsch (1995) proposed that, in situations of expertise, individuals can overcome working memory limitations by using long-term working memory. It allows a greater capacity than working memory thanks to long-term memory encoding and retrieving. To test this characteristic, an adaptation of Daneman and Carpenter's (1980) reading span was used. To operationalise expertise, the personalisation method (Guida & Tardieu, 2005) was employed. In Experiment 1, a personalised group, which read reading span sentences that mentioned familiar locations, was compared to a nonpersonalised group, which read sentences with unfamiliar locations. In Experiment 2, a personalised group, which read reading span sentences with neutral locations, was encouraged to mentally personalise these locations by thinking about known locations. This group was compared to a nonpersonalised group, which was encouraged to think about unknown locations. The personalised groups were expected to store and retrieve information in long-term memory via long-term working memory more easily than the nonpersonalised groups, which had to count massively on working memory. The results showed that personalisation enhanced reading span and confirmed one implication of the long-term working memory theory: high- and low-reading-span differences could also be due to long-term memory retrieval. Finally, these results are interpreted in terms of interaction between working memory size and long-term memory knowledge, showing that participants with a lower reading span benefited more from high domain knowledge than participants with a higher reading span. 相似文献
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Alessandro Garcea 《Argumentation》2003,17(1):87-98
The noctes Atticae of Aulus Gellius contain almost all the ancient paradoxes. Nevertheless, in comparison with his philosophical sources, the author shows a shift in the perspective of his approach. He analyses the `master argument' of Diodorus Chronus only from an ethical point of view and, among the seven paradoxes attributed to Eubulides of Milet, he quotes the `heap' as an absurdity (absurdum), the `horned one' and the `not-someone' as a trap (captio), the `liar' as a sophism (sophisma). Following the advice of Cynics, Gellius mistrusts deceptive manoeuvres, which highlight gaps in binary logic. At the same time, however, he is interested in argumentative structures, which lead one of two opponents on to victory. The extensive report of the quarrel between Protagoras and Evathlus, and many observations of Gellius on convertible forms of reasoning in literary texts fall within this rhetorical field. 相似文献
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