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231.
To date, numerosity judgments have been studied only under conditions of unimodal stimulus presentation. It is therefore unclear whether the same limitations on correctly reporting the number of unimodal visual or tactile stimuli presented in a display might be expected under conditions in which participants have to count stimuli presented simultaneously in two or more different sensory modalities. In Experiment 1, we investigated numerosity judgments using both unimodal and bimodal displays consisting of one to six vibrotactile stimuli (presented over the body surface) and one to six visual stimuli (seen on the body via mirror reflection). Participants had to count the number of stimuli regardless of their modality of presentation. Bimodal numerosity judgments were significantly less accurate than predicted on the basis of an independent modality-specific resources account, thus showing that numerosity judgments might rely on a unitary amodal system instead. The results of a second experiment demonstrated that divided attention costs could not account for the poor performance in the bimodal conditions of Experiment 1. We discuss these results in relation to current theories of cross-modal integration and to the cognitive resources and/or common higher order spatial representations possibly accessed by both visual and tactile stimuli. 相似文献
232.
AbstractElite athletes are characterized by their high level of performance in sport. Since the very beginnings of sport, it has been understood that physical and physiological abilities influence the performance of athletes. Advances in scientific knowledge, especially sport psychology and neuroscience, seem to confirm this intuition and consequently it is possible to characterize elite athletes as having an extraordinary combination of physical and mental abilities. Techniques and substances that contribute to enhancing physical characteristics of athletes have also been well known for ages. But it is now possible to make use of other techniques and substances that not only enhance physical abilities but also cognitive capabilities, which seem to require greater consideration given their direct impact on the athlete’s brain. In this article, we examine two such techniques, cognitive enhancers and transcranial stimulators, and highlight the potential advantages and drawbacks that applying each one may have on sport. Given the relative novelty of these enhancement techniques and substances and the absence of conclusive evidence regarding their short- and long-term effects, we deem that their use ought to be strictly governed by cautionary principles. But due to that same lack of evidence, we believe that the possibility of examining the feasibility of applying these techniques to sport should not be denied. 相似文献
233.
Identifying protective factors present at schools located in neighborhoods with high structural violence is fundamental to help prevent the perpetuation of violence . Therefore, the aim of this study was to observe how some school micro‐system variables, such as school environment and interpersonal relationships that adults establish with adolescents, may lead to bullying behaviors or, on the contrary, to positive bystander behavior in the bully‐victim dynamic. The sample was composed of 5,774 adolescents from 71 schools located in violent neighborhoods in Lima (Peru). 31.9 per cent of the sample experienced verbal violence and the prevalence of cyberbullying was 24.6%. Boys were more prone to experience both types of bullying than girls, although no differences were seen in the probability of becoming aggressors during early and late adolescence. The protective model showed that a positive atmosphere based on a supportive environment with clear rules encouraged adults at school to show more support and to provide more orientation in bullying situations, thus promoting a positive bystander behavior between peers. Opposite results were observed in the risk model. Actions at the micro‐system school level are discussed to enhance protective factors and reduce risk factors. 相似文献
234.
Jesus Alfonso D. Datu Jose Alberto S. Reyes 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2017,36(1):14-21
In the Western settings, power positively predicted happiness (e.g., Kifer et al. 2013). Though, this result may not be generalized across cultures as cultural psychologists recognized that interdependence is more important in collectivist cultures. Consistent with this conjecture, Datu and Reyes (2014) assessed the relations among power, relations, and happiness in the Philippine setting which revealed that power negatively predicted happiness. However, not much is known on why power could potentially reduce happiness in collectivist cultures. Thus, the current investigation employed qualitative research to offer in-depth explanations on why power may be associated with lower happiness in a collectivist setting. Findings revealed three major themes that characterized reasons on why power may decrease happiness in an interdependent context: a.) Power impairs relationship; b.) Power evokes negative judgments from others; and c.) Power comes with a great responsibility. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed. 相似文献
235.
Church AT Katigbak MS Reyes JA Salanga MG Miramontes LA Adams NB 《Journal of research in personality》2008,42(5):1199-1215
Trait and cultural psychology perspectives on the cross-situational consistency of behavior, and the predictive validity of traits, were tested in a daily process study in the United States (N = 68), an individualistic culture, and the Philippines (N = 80), a collectivistic culture. Participants completed the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1992) and a measure of self-monitoring, then reported their daily behaviors and associated situational contexts for approximately 30 days. Consistent with trait perspectives, the Big Five traits predicted daily behaviors in both cultures, and relative (interindividual) consistency was observed across many, although not all, situational contexts. The frequency of various Big Five behaviors varied across relevant situational contexts in both cultures and, consistent with cultural psychology perspectives, there was a tendency for Filipinos to exhibit greater situational variability than Americans. Self-monitoring showed some ability to account for individual differences in situational variability in the American sample, but not the Filipino sample. 相似文献
236.
Uchida Y Kitayama S Mesquita B Reyes JA Morling B 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2008,34(6):741-754
Previous studies show there is little or no association between perceived emotional support and well-being in European American culture. The authors hypothesized that this paradoxical absence of any benefit of perceived support is unique to cultural contexts that privilege independence rather than interdependence of the self. Study 1 tested college students and found, as predicted, that among Euro-Americans a positive effect of perceived emotional support on subjective well-being (positive affect) was weak and, moreover, it disappeared entirely once self-esteem was statistically controlled. In contrast, among Asians in Asia (Japanese and Filipinos) perceived emotional support positively predicted subjective well-being even after self-esteem was controlled. Study 2 extended Study 1 by testing both Japanese and American adults in midlife with respect to multiple indicators of well-being and physical health. Overall, the evidence underscores the central significance of culture as a moderator of the effectiveness of perceived emotional support. 相似文献
237.
Shellah Myra Imperio A. Timothy Church Marcia S. Katigbak Jose Alberto S. Reyes 《欧洲人格杂志》2008,22(4):291-321
Lexical studies have focused on traits. In the Filipino language, we investigated whether additional dimensions can be identified when personality‐relevant terms for social roles, statuses and effects, plus physical attributes, are included. Filipino students (N = 496) rated themselves on 268 such terms, plus 253 markers of trait and evaluative dimensions. We identified 10 dimensions of social and physical attributes—Prominence, Uselessness, Attractiveness, Respectability, Uniqueness, Destructiveness, Presentableness, Strength, Dangerousness and Charisma. Most of these dimensions did not correspond in a one‐to‐one manner to Filipino or alternative trait models (Big Five, HEXACO, ML7). However, considerable redundancy was observed between the social and physical attribute dimensions and trait and evaluative dimensions. Thus, social and physical attributes communicate information about personality traits, and vice versa. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
238.
239.
The self-performed task (SPT) paradigm was employed to investigate incidental memory for action events, focusing on states of awareness at retrieval (Remembering-Knowing) and source monitoring in performed and observed actions, at delays of 1 and 2 weeks. Recognition was better for performed than observed actions, but this effect was visible only after 1 week of retention. Conversely, observed actions were associated with better source memory at both delays. When the source was correctly identified, performed and observed actions were accompanied by equal proportions of Remember judgements. However, when source monitoring was incorrect, performed actions were more frequently associated with a feeling of re-experiencing the original event, thus suggesting an enactment-related recollective superiority, although secondary to the availability of reliable contextual information. 相似文献
240.
Alberto Peruzzi 《Axiomathes》2006,16(4):424-459
Among the main concerns of 20th century philosophy was that of the foundations of mathematics. But usually not recognized
is the relevance of the choice of a foundational approach to the other main problems of 20th century philosophy, i.e., the logical structure of language, the nature of scientific theories, and the architecture of the mind. The tools used
to deal with the difficulties inherent in such problems have largely relied on set theory and its “received view”. There are
specific issues, in philosophy of language, epistemology and philosophy of mind, where this dependence turns out to be misleading.
The same issues suggest the gain in understanding coming from category theory, which is, therefore, more than just the source
of a “non-standard” approach to the foundations of mathematics. But, even so conceived, it is the very notion of what a foundation
has to be that is called into question. The philosophical meaning of mathematics is no longer confined to which first principles
are assumed and which “ontological” interpretation is given to them in terms of some possibly updated version of logicism,
formalism or intuitionism. What is central to any foundational project proper is the role of universal constructions that
serve to unify the different branches of mathematics, as already made clear in 1969 by Lawvere. Such universal constructions
are best expressed by means of adjoint functors and representability up to isomorphism. In this lies the relevance of a category-theoretic
perspective, which leads to wide-ranging consequences. One such is the presence of functorial constraints on the syntax–semantics
relationships; another is an intrinsic view of (constructive) logic, as arises in topoi and, subsequently, in more general
fibrations. But as soon as theories and their models are described accordingly, a new look at the main problems of 20th century’s
philosophy becomes possible. The lack of any satisfactory solution to these problems in a purely logical and set-theoretic
setting is the result of too circumscribed an approach, such as a static and punctiform view of objects and their elements,
and a misconception of geometry and its historical changes before, during, and after the foundational “crisis”, as if algebraic
geometry and synthetic differential geometry – not to mention algebraic topology – were secondary sources for what concerns
foundational issues. The objectivity of basic geometrical intuitions also acts against the recent version of structuralism
proposed as ‘the’ philosophy of category theory. On the other hand, the need for a consistent and adequate conceptual framework
in facing the difficulties met by pre-categorical theories of language and scientific knowledge not only provides the basic
concepts of category theory with specific applications but also suggests further directions for their development (e.g., in
approaching the foundations of physics or the mathematical models in the cognitive sciences). This ‘virtuous’ circle is by
now largely admitted in theoretical computer science; the time is ripe to realise that the same holds for classical topics
of philosophy.
Text of a talk given at the Workshop and Symposium on the Ramifications of Category Theory, Florence, November 18–22, 2003. For further documentation on the conference, see 相似文献