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251.
252.
De Leonibus E Costantini VJ Massaro A Mandolesi G Vanni V Luvisetto S Pavone F Oliverio A Mele A 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2011,18(4):241-244
Response strategy in the dual-solution plus maze is regarded as a form of stimulus-response learning. In this study, by using an outcome devaluation procedure, we show that it can be based on both action-outcome and stimulus-response habit learning, depending on the amount of training that the animals receive. Furthermore, we show that deactivation of the dorso-medial and the dorso-lateral striatum with Botulinum neurotoxin A, mimicked or abolished, respectively, the effects of practice on the sensitivity of the response strategy to outcome devaluation. These findings have relevant implications for the understanding of the learning mechanisms underlying different overt behaviors in this widely used maze task. 相似文献
253.
Fole A González-Martín C Huarte C Alguacil LF Ambrosio E Del Olmo N 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2011,95(4):491-497
Lewis and Fischer-344 rats have been proposed as an addiction model because of their differences in addiction behaviour. It has been suggested that drug addiction is related to learning and memory processes and depends on individual genetic background. We have evaluated learning performance using the eight-arm radial maze (RAM) in Lewis and Fischer-344 adult rats undergoing a chronic treatment with cocaine. In order to study whether morphological alterations were involved in the possible changes in learning after chronic cocaine treatment, we counted the spine density in hippocampal CA1 neurons from animals after the RAM protocol. Our results showed that Fischer-344 rats significantly took more time to carry out test acquisition and made a greater number of errors than Lewis animals. Nevertheless, cocaine treatment did not induce changes in learning and memory processes in both strains of rats. These facts indicate that there are genetic differences in spatial learning and memory that are not modified by the chronic treatment with cocaine. Moreover, hippocampal spine density is cocaine-modulated in both strains of rats. In conclusion, cocaine induces similar changes in hippocampal neurons morphology that are not related to genetic differences in spatial learning in the RAM protocol used here. 相似文献
254.
Swart H Hewstone M Christ O Voci A 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2011,101(6):1221-1238
Intergroup contact (especially cross-group friendship) is firmly established as a powerful strategy for combating group-based prejudice (Pettigrew & Tropp, 2006). Great advances have been made in understanding how contact reduces prejudice (Brown & Hewstone, 2005), highlighting the importance of affective mediators (Pettigrew & Tropp, 2008). The present study, a 3-wave longitudinal study undertaken among minority-status Colored high school children in South Africa (N = 465), explored the full mediation of the effects of cross-group friendships on positive outgroup attitudes, perceived outgroup variability, and negative action tendencies via positive (affective empathy) and negative (intergroup anxiety) affective mediators simultaneously. The target group was the majority-status White South African outgroup. As predicted, a bidirectional model described the relationship between contact, mediators, and prejudice significantly better over time than either autoregressive or unidirectional longitudinal models. However, full longitudinal mediation was only found in the direction from Time 1 contact to Time 3 prejudice (via Time 2 mediators), supporting the underlying tenet of the contact hypothesis. Specifically, cross-group friendships were positively associated with positive outgroup attitudes (via affective empathy) and perceived outgroup variability (via intergroup anxiety and affective empathy) and were negatively associated with negative action tendencies (via affective empathy). Following Pettigrew and Tropp (2008), we compared two alternative hypotheses regarding the relationship between intergroup anxiety and affective empathy over time. Time 1 intergroup anxiety was indirectly negatively associated with Time 3 affective empathy, via Time 2 cross-group friendships. We discuss the theoretical and empirical contributions of this study and make suggestions for future research. 相似文献
255.
Purpose
Although the relationship between satisfaction and loyalty has been the focus of a good deal of research, the complex nature of that relationship continues to pose a good many unanswered questions. The present study proposes a four-way classification of the perspectives that tend to be taken by researchers on the said relationship. By theoretically and empirically reviewing these four approximations in an on-line context, the study aims to clarify the nature and strength of the relationship between these two variables. 相似文献256.
257.
Castillo Mendoza CA 《American journal of psychoanalysis》2012,72(1):16-32
Ferenczi's experiments with mutual analysis are often dismissed, without acknowledging the results obtained from them and his own cautionary remarks about their limits. Though ultimately failed, Ferenczi's experiments with mutual analysis were a source of clinical and metapsychological knowledge, despite the fact that he was unable to elaborate them in his lifetime. In this paper I connect mutuality to the development of the psyche, especially to the constitutive core of the intrapsychic. To understand the latter, it is necessary to take into account, among others, issues such as the common attribute, the mutual flux between the unconsciouses, the dialogue of unconsciouses, the maternal profundity, the primal relationship with the mother, and, above all, the primal unity between mother and child, which are fundamental for the emergence and development of the primary psychic forces. Incidences of rupture, distortion of the core of mutuality in the psychic life, its loss and disadjustment, by means of external traumatizing forces, and some clinical implications are described. 相似文献
258.
Proof search has been used to specify a wide range of computation systems. In order to build a framework for reasoning about such specifications, we make use of a sequent calculus involving induction and co-induction. These proof principles are based on a proof-theoretic (rather than set-theoretic) notion of definition (Hallnäs, 1991 [18], Eriksson, 1991 [11], Schroeder-Heister, 1993 [38], McDowell and Miller, 2000 [22]). Definitions are akin to logic programs, where the left and right rules for defined atoms allow one to view theories as “closed” or defining fixed points. The use of definitions and free equality makes it possible to reason intensionally about syntax. We add in a consistent way rules for pre- and post-fixed points, thus allowing the user to reason inductively and co-inductively about properties of computational system making full use of higher-order abstract syntax. Consistency is guaranteed via cut-elimination, where we give a direct cut-elimination procedure in the presence of general inductive and co-inductive definitions via the parametric reducibility technique. 相似文献
259.
The classical computational conception of meaning has been challenged by the idea that symbols must be grounded on sensorimotor
processes. A difficult question arises from the fact that grounding representations cannot be symbolic themselves but, in
order to support compositionality, should work as primitives. This implies that they should be precisely identifiable and
strictly connected with discriminable perceptual features. Ideally, each representation should correspond to a single discriminable
feature. The present study was aimed at exploring whether feature discrimination is a fundamental requisite for grounding
compositional symbols. We studied this problem by using Integral stimuli, composed of two interacting and not separable features.
Such stimuli were selected in Experiment 1 as pictures whose component features are easily or barely discriminable (Separable
or Integral) on the basis of psychological distance metrics (City-block or Euclidean) computed from similarity judgments.
In Experiment 2, either each feature was associated with one word of a two-word expression, or the whole stimulus with a single
word. In Experiment 3, the procedure was reversed and words or expressions were associated with whole pictures or separate
features. Results support the hypothesis that single words are best grounded by Integral stimuli and composite expressions
by Separable stimuli, where a strict association of single words with discriminated features is possible. 相似文献
260.
Alberto Peruzzi 《Axiomathes》2006,16(4):424-459
Among the main concerns of 20th century philosophy was that of the foundations of mathematics. But usually not recognized
is the relevance of the choice of a foundational approach to the other main problems of 20th century philosophy, i.e., the logical structure of language, the nature of scientific theories, and the architecture of the mind. The tools used
to deal with the difficulties inherent in such problems have largely relied on set theory and its “received view”. There are
specific issues, in philosophy of language, epistemology and philosophy of mind, where this dependence turns out to be misleading.
The same issues suggest the gain in understanding coming from category theory, which is, therefore, more than just the source
of a “non-standard” approach to the foundations of mathematics. But, even so conceived, it is the very notion of what a foundation
has to be that is called into question. The philosophical meaning of mathematics is no longer confined to which first principles
are assumed and which “ontological” interpretation is given to them in terms of some possibly updated version of logicism,
formalism or intuitionism. What is central to any foundational project proper is the role of universal constructions that
serve to unify the different branches of mathematics, as already made clear in 1969 by Lawvere. Such universal constructions
are best expressed by means of adjoint functors and representability up to isomorphism. In this lies the relevance of a category-theoretic
perspective, which leads to wide-ranging consequences. One such is the presence of functorial constraints on the syntax–semantics
relationships; another is an intrinsic view of (constructive) logic, as arises in topoi and, subsequently, in more general
fibrations. But as soon as theories and their models are described accordingly, a new look at the main problems of 20th century’s
philosophy becomes possible. The lack of any satisfactory solution to these problems in a purely logical and set-theoretic
setting is the result of too circumscribed an approach, such as a static and punctiform view of objects and their elements,
and a misconception of geometry and its historical changes before, during, and after the foundational “crisis”, as if algebraic
geometry and synthetic differential geometry – not to mention algebraic topology – were secondary sources for what concerns
foundational issues. The objectivity of basic geometrical intuitions also acts against the recent version of structuralism
proposed as ‘the’ philosophy of category theory. On the other hand, the need for a consistent and adequate conceptual framework
in facing the difficulties met by pre-categorical theories of language and scientific knowledge not only provides the basic
concepts of category theory with specific applications but also suggests further directions for their development (e.g., in
approaching the foundations of physics or the mathematical models in the cognitive sciences). This ‘virtuous’ circle is by
now largely admitted in theoretical computer science; the time is ripe to realise that the same holds for classical topics
of philosophy.
Text of a talk given at the Workshop and Symposium on the Ramifications of Category Theory, Florence, November 18–22, 2003. For further documentation on the conference, see 相似文献