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171.
172.
Sung-Yeon Park Gi Woong Yun Jacqueline Hitchon McSweeney Albert C. Gunther 《Sex roles》2007,57(7-8):569-578
This study investigated the pluralistic ignorance on the norm of ideal female thinness and also the presumed influence of
thin idealized media images as the cause of the misperception. A survey of 111 female and 109 male US undergraduate students
revealed that both women and men overestimated the thinness of body type preferred by others. In addition, men reported that
others would be more affected by the media than self while women considered themselves to be as vulnerable as others. Subsequent
regression analyses demonstrated that the difference in the perceived media influence on self and others was a significant
predictor of the norm of ideal female thinness. Similar misperceptions were also found between men and women in dating relationships. 相似文献
173.
Thomas D Parsons Todd Bowerly J Galen Buckwalter Albert A Rizzo 《Child neuropsychology》2007,13(4):363-381
In this initial pilot study, a controlled clinical comparison was made of attention perforance in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a virtual reality (VR) classroom. Ten boys diagnosed with ADHD and ten normal control boys participated in the study. Groups did not significantly differ in mean age, grade level, ethnicity, or handedness. No participants reported simulator sickness following VR exposure. Children with ADHD exhibited more omission errors, commission errors, and overall body movement than normal control children in the VR classroom. Children with ADHD were more impacted by distraction in the VR classroom. VR classroom measures were correlated with traditional ADHD assessment tools and the flatscreen CPT. Of note, the small sample size incorporated in each group and higher WISC-III scores of normal controls might have some bearing on the overall interpretation of results. These data suggested that the Virtual Classroom had good potential for controlled performance assessment within an ecologically valid environment and appeared to parse out significant effects due to the presence of distraction stimuli. 相似文献
174.
The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of cumulative risk exposure in concert with maternal responsiveness on physiological indicators of chronic stress in children and youth. Middle-school children exposed to greater accumulated psychosocial (e.g., family turmoil, poverty) and physical (e.g., crowding, substandard housing) risk factors manifested higher levels of allostatic load, a physiological marker of cumulative wear and tear on the body caused by the mobilization of multiple, physiological response systems. This effect was longitudinal, residualizing allostatic load 3-4 years earlier when the youth were in elementary school. This effect, however, occurred only among adolescents with mothers low in responsiveness. Cumulative risk was also associated with dynamic cardiovascular processes in response to an acute stressor (mental arithmetic). Higher risk was associated with muted reactivity and slower, less efficient recovery in blood pressure. These dynamic cardiovascular effects occurred irrespective of maternal responsiveness. 相似文献
175.
In a 2004 article, we argued that bioethics commissions should be assessed in terms of their usefulness as public forums. A 2006 article by Summer Johnson argued that our perspective was not supported by the existing literature on presidential commissions, which had not previously identified commissions as public forums and that we did not properly account for the political functions of commissions as instruments of presidential power. Johnson also argued that there was nothing sufficiently unique about bioethics commissions to make the public forum perspective particularly applicable. We respond by arguing that analysis of commissions' work as public forums fits well within the literature on commissions, especially on their agenda-setting functions, and that the political functions of commissions are often compatible with their functioning as public forums. We also demonstrate how the origins and concerns of bioethics make public forum analysis particularly applicable to bioethics commissions. 相似文献
176.
177.
For 25 years, we have been working to build cognitive models of mathematics, which have become a basis for middle- and high-school
curricula. We discuss the theoretical background of this approach and evidence that the resulting curricula are more effective
than other approaches to instruction. We also discuss how embedding a well specified theory in our instructional software
allows us to dynamically evaluate the effectiveness of our instruction at a more detailed level than was previously possible.
The current widespread use of the software is allowing us to test hypotheses across large numbers of students. We believe
that this will lead to new approaches both to understanding mathematical cognition and to improving instruction. 相似文献
178.
Several naming studies show that distractor pictures, even when intentionally ignored by the speaker, are still capable of
activating their respective phonological representations. However results from word translation studies suggest that distractor
pictures are only conceptually activated. Here we tested the reliability of the word translation results. In four experiments,
bilingual participants translated words from one language to the other one while ignoring the presentation of pictures. In
Experiment 1a phonological related pictures sped up translation latencies. However, the effect disappeared when the percentage
of related trials was reduced (Experiment 1b). In Experiment 2a translation latencies were faster when the words were accompanied
by semantically related pictures than by unrelated pictures. Importantly, the effect was still reliable when the proportion
of related trials was reduced and the total number of semantic categories was increased (Experiment 2b). Theoretical implications
of the influence of distractor pictures during speech production are discussed. 相似文献
179.
The present study examined the linkage between pre-adolescent children's depressive symptoms and their preferences for receiving positive vs. negative feedback subsequent to being faced with an experimentally manipulated peer evaluation outcome in real time. Participants (n = 142) ages 10 to 13, played a computer contest based on the television show Survivor and were randomized to either a peer rejection (i.e., receiving the lowest total 'likeability' score from a group of peer-judges), a peer success (i.e., receiving the highest score), or a control peer evaluation condition. Children's self-reported feedback preferences were then assessed. Results revealed that participants assigned to the negative evaluation outcome, relative to either the success or the control outcome, showed a significantly higher subsequent preference for negatively tuned feedback. Contrary to previous work and predictions derived from self-verification theory, children higher in depressive symptoms were only more likely to prefer negative feedback in response to the negative peer evaluation outcome. These effects for depression were not accounted for by either state mood at baseline or mood change in response to the feedback manipulation. 相似文献
180.
Leonor I. Lega Albert Ellis 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2001,19(4):201-222
This paper reviews and discusses the results of five cross-cultural studies in Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Spain, and USA, using 2 (college students vs. their parents) × 2 (males vs. females) MANOVA match group designs with the Attitudes and Beliefs Inventory subscales as dependent variables, two multicultural studies investigating the relationship between some demographic variables (Pan American Health Organization's Index of Violence, and Acculturation) and people's Irrationality, and two multidisciplinary studies on the relationship between some medical conditions (skin diseases, and severity of symptoms during menopause) and Irrational Beliefs. 相似文献