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161.
Core mechanisms in "theory of mind" 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Our ability to understand the thoughts and feelings of other people does not initially develop as a theory but as a mechanism. The "theory of mind" mechanism (ToMM) is part of the core architecture of the human brain, and is specialized for learning about mental states. Impaired development of this mechanism can have drastic effects on social learning, seen most strikingly in the autistic spectrum disorders. ToMM kick-starts belief-desire attribution but effective reasoning about belief contents depends on a process of selection by inhibition. This selection process (SP) develops slowly through the preschool period and well beyond. By modeling the ToMM-SP as mechanisms of selective attention, we have uncovered new empirical phenomena. We propose that early "theory of mind" is a modular-heuristic process of domain-specific learning. 相似文献
162.
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, neurodegenerative condition characterized by deficits in cognition, inability to perform activities of daily living, and alterations in behavior. Galantamine hydrobromide is the newest acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) approved in the United States for the treatment of mild-to-moderate AD. The safety and efficacy of galantamine has been demonstrated in multiple randomized, Phase III trials of >2,600 patients with mild-to-moderate AD. Studies have found that galantamine improved or maintained performance in all domains of AD (cognition, function, behavior, and caregiver burden) in the short term and slowed the decline in performance or maintained baseline performance through 12 months. The dual mechanism of action may make galantamine a reasonable treatment option for both newly diagnosed patients and patients who have not benefitted from or have poorly tolerated current therapy. 相似文献
163.
Dog experts, ornithologists, radiologists and other specialists are noted for their remarkable abilities at categorizing, identifying and recognizing objects within their domain of expertise. A complete understanding of the development of perceptual expertise requires a combination of thorough empirical research and carefully articulated computational theories that formalize specific hypotheses about the acquisition of expertise. A comprehensive computational theory of the development of perceptual expertise remains elusive, but we can look to existing computational models from the object-recognition, perceptual-categorization, automaticity and related literatures for possible starting points. Arguably, hypotheses about the development of perceptual expertise should first be explored within the context of existing computational models of visual object understanding before considering the creation of highly modularized adaptations for particular domains of perceptual expertise. 相似文献
164.
Soto-Faraco S Spence C Kingstone A 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2004,4(2):208-217
Behavioral studies of multisensory integration in motion perception have focused on the particular case of visual and auditory
signals. Here, we addressed a new case: audition and touch. In Experiment 1, we tested the effects of an apparent motion stream
presented in an irrelevant modality (audition or touch) on the perception of apparent motion streams in the other modality
(touch or audition, respectively). We found significant congruency effects (lower performance when the direction of motion
in the irrelevant modality was incongruent with the direction of the target) for the two possible modality combinations. This
congruency effect was asymmetrical, with tactile motion distractors having a stronger influence on auditory motion perception
than vice versa. In Experiment 2, we used auditory motion targets and tactile motion distractors while participants adopted
one of two possible postures: arms uncrossed or arms crossed. The effects of tactile motion on auditory motion judgments were
replicated in the arms-uncrossed posture, but they dissipated in the arms-crossed posture. The implications of these results
are discussed in light of current findings regarding the representation of tactile and auditory space. 相似文献
165.
166.
167.
Disrupting feedback processing interferes with rule-based but not information-integration category learning 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The effect of a sequentially presented memory scanning task on rule-based and information-integration category learning was investigated. On each trial in the short feedback-processing time condition, memory scanning immediately followed categorization. On each trial in the long feedback-processing time condition, categorization was followed by a 2.5-sec delay and then memory scanning. In the control condition, no memory scanning was required. Rule-based category learning was significantly worse in the short feedback-processing time condition than in the long feedback-processing time condition or control condition, whereas information-integration category learning was equivalent across conditions. In the rule-based condition, a smaller proportion of observers learned the task in the short feedback-processing time condition, and those who learned took longer to reach the performance criterion than did those in the long feedback-processing time or control condition. No differences were observed in the information integration task. These results provide support for a multiple-systems approach to category learning and argue against the validity of single-system approaches. 相似文献
168.
Three experiments revealed that memory for verbs is more dependent on semantic context than is memory for nouns. The participants in Experiment 1 were asked to remember either nouns or verbs from intransitive sentences. A recognition test included verbatim sentences, sentences with an old noun and a new verb, sentences with an old verb and a new noun, and entirely new sentences. Memory for verbs was significantly better when the verb was presented with the same noun at encoding and at retrieval. This contextual effect was much smaller for nouns. Experiments 2 and 3 replicated this effect and provided evidence that context effects reflect facilitation from bringing to mind the same meaning of a verb at encoding and at retrieval. Memory for verbs may be more dependent on semantic context because the meanings of verbs are more variable across semantic contexts than are the meanings of nouns. 相似文献
169.
Dougherty DM Mathias CW Marsh DM Papageorgiou TD Swann AC Moeller FG 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2004,34(4):374-385
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between laboratory behavioral measured impulsivity (using the Immediate and Delayed Memory Tasks) and suicidal attempt histories. Three groups of adults were recruited, those with either: no previous suicide attempts (Control, n = 20), only a single suicide attempt (Single, n = 20), or multiple suicidal attempts (Multiple, n = 10). As hypothesized, impulsive responses increased with the number of suicide attempts (Control < Single < Multiple). This study helps to demonstrate how laboratory behavioral measures of impulsivity can be used to discriminate groups based on suicidal histories among samples not currently exhibiting significant suicidal behaviors. 相似文献
170.
Goodyear AJ Kamil AC 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2004,118(3):258-264
Three groups of Clark's nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana) were trained to find a goal location defined by an array of 4 landmarks that varied in goal--landmark distance. The arrays for each group differed in the distance of the closest landmark and contained goal--landmark distances that were common across groups, allowing for the examination of the effects of both relative and absolute goal--landmark distance on encoding of a landmark array. All 3 groups readily learned the task and were subsequently tested in probe tests with only single landmarks from the array available. Search error in tests with single landmarks was compared both within and across groups. Results demonstrated that both relative and absolute goal-landmark distances are important in spatial search. 相似文献