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981.
Alan Levinovitz 《Human Studies》2017,40(2):267-284
The distinction between toys and games is built into grammar itself: one plays games but plays with toys. Although some thinkers have recognized the importance of the distinction, their insights are often contradictory and vague, and the word toy is used unsystematically to refer to a wide range of objects and associated play-activities. To remedy this problem a phenomenological approach to play could be helpful, but those that exist rarely discuss the difference between forms of play, instead using playfulness as ambiguous shorthand for freedom from rules. Beginning with Charles Baudelaire’s 1853 essay, “The Philosophy of Toys,” the author surveys and synthesizes various theories of toys to produce a detailed account of those objects that conduce to toy-play, focusing on insignificance as the defining phenomenological quality of toys. He then uses speech act theory to offer a definition of a toy—an invitation to play with its identity—and explores how the existence of such an invitation depends not only on the intrinsic qualities of the object of play, but also its context and the identity of the player. 相似文献
982.
Arranging Objects in Space: Measuring Task‐Relevant Organizational Behaviors During Goal Pursuit 下载免费PDF全文
Human behavior unfolds primarily in built environments, where the arrangement of objects is a result of ongoing human decisions and actions, yet these organizational decisions have received limited experimental study. In two experiments, we introduce a novel paradigm designed to explore how individuals organize task‐relevant objects in space. Participants completed goals by locating and accessing sequences of objects in a computer‐based task, and they were free to rearrange the positions of objects at any time. We measure a variety of organization changes and evaluate how these measures relate to individual differences in performance. In Experiment 1, we show that with weak structure in task demands, changes in object positions that arise through performance of the task lead to improved order, characterized predominantly by a centralization of frequently used items and a peripheralization of infrequently used objects. In Experiment 2, with increased task structure, we observe more refined organizational tendencies, with selective contraction and clustering of interrelated task‐relevant objects. We further demonstrate that these more selective organization behaviors are reliably associated with individual differences in task performance. Collectively, these two studies reveal properties of space and of task demands that support and facilitate effective organization of the environment in support of ongoing behavior. 相似文献
983.
Paul Johan Karlsen Richard J. Allen Alan D. Baddeley Graham J. Hitch 《Memory & cognition》2010,38(3):292-303
Recent studies of visual short-term memory have suggested that the binding of features such as color and shape into remembered
objects is relatively automatic. A series of seven experiments broadened this investigation by comparing the immediate retention
of colored shapes with performance when color and shape were separated either spatially or temporally, with participants required
actively to form the bound object. Attentional load was manipulated with a demanding concurrent task, and retention in working
memory was then tested using a single recognition probe. Both spatial and temporal separation of features tended to impair
performance, as did the concurrent task. There was, however, no evidence for greater attentional disruption of performance
as a result of either spatial or temporal separation of features. Implications for the process of binding in visual working
memory are discussed, and an interpretation is offered in terms of the episodic buffer component of working memory, which
is assumed to be a passive store capable of holding bound objects, but not of performing the binding. 相似文献
984.
This study examined the point prevalence of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and its clinical correlates in patients with recent deliberate self-harm (DSH) in Hong Kong. A representative consecutive sample (n = 160) of patients with DSH referred to Prince of Wales Hospital from April 1, 2007 to March 31, 2008 was recruited. Their BPD status was determined according to the BPD subscale of the Chinese version of Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II). The point prevalence of BPD was calculated. Subjects with and without BPD were compared in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics. Thirty out of 160 (18.8%) DSH patients were found to suffer from BPD. DSH patients with BPD were more likely to be female (p = .020), more often reported history of childhood physical (p = 0.043) and sexual abuse (p < 0.001), history of past DSH (p = 0.010), being younger at first DSH (p = 0.039), and more likely to suffer from current alcohol and substance use disorder (p = 0.043) and eating disorder (p = 0.040) than those without BPD. Being female, having history of childhood sexual abuse and current alcohol and substance use disorder were found to be independent predictors of BPD status by binary logistic regression. 相似文献
985.
Poling A 《The Behavior analyst / MABA》2010,33(1):7-17
Behavior analysis as a discipline currently is doing relatively well. How it will do in the future is unclear and depends on how the field, and the world at large, changes. Five current characteristics of the discipline that appear to reduce the probability that it will survive and prosper are discussed and suggestions for improvement are offered. The areas of concern are (a) the small size and limited power of the discipline, (b) the growing focus of applied behavior analysis on autism spectrum disorders and little else, (c) the esoteric nature of much basic research, (d) the proliferation of "applied" research that really isn't applied, and (e) the widespread use of imprecise and potentially harmful technical language. 相似文献
986.
We argue that the grammatical diversity observed among the world’s languages emerges from the struggle between individual cognitive systems trying to impose their preferred structure on human language. We investigate the cognitive bases of the two most common word orders in the world’s languages: SOV (Subject–Object–Verb) and SVO. Evidence from language change, grammaticalization, stability of order, and theoretical arguments, indicates a syntactic preference for SVO. The reason for the prominence of SOV languages is not as clear. In two gesture-production experiments and one gesture comprehension experiment, we show that SOV emerges as the preferred constituent configuration in participants whose native languages (Italian and Turkish) have different word orders. We propose that improvised communication does not rely on the computational system of grammar. The results of a fourth experiment, where participants comprehended strings of prosodically flat words in their native language, shows that the computational system of grammar prefers the orthogonal Verb–Object orders. 相似文献
987.
Michael J. Breslin Christopher Alan Lewis Mark Shevlin 《Journal for the scientific study of religion》2010,49(4):710-723
Prayer has increasingly been used as an empirical measure of religiosity. Recent developments include Ladd and Spilka's Inward, Outward and Upward Prayer Scale, which measures what respondents think about while praying, and Poloma and Pendleton's Measure of Prayer Type, which measures four different dimensions of prayer as well as degree of intimacy with the divine. The present study provides a factor analytical evaluation of both measures, including an examination of total scale and subscale reliability. The measures were administered to a sample of 518 Irish respondents. Although the total scales and subscales were found to be reliable, confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the hypothesized factor structures were a less than optimal fit of the data, while correlational analysis revealed a conceptual overlap between the measures. 相似文献
988.
Past research suggests that children begin to phonologically rehearse at around 7 years of age. Less is known regarding the development of refreshment, an attention-based maintenance mechanism. Therefore, the use of these two maintenance methods by 6- and 8-year-olds was assessed using memory span tasks that varied in their opportunities for maintenance activity. Experiment 1 showed that nonverbal processing impaired both groups’ performance to similar extents. Experiment 2 employed phonologically similar or dissimilar memory items and compared the effects of verbal versus nonverbal processing on recall. Both groups showed evidence of phonological maintenance under nonverbal processing but not under verbal processing. Furthermore, nonverbal processing again impaired recall. Verbal processing was also more detrimental to performance in 8-year-olds than in 6-year-olds. Together, the results suggest that nonverbal processing impairs recall by obstructing refreshment and that developmental change in maintenance between 6 and 8 years of age consists primarily of an increase in phonological rehearsal. 相似文献
989.
It remains unclear what is being processed in blindsight in response to faces, colours, shapes, and patterns. This was investigated in two hemianopes with chromatic and achromatic stimuli with sharp or shallow luminance or chromatic contrast boundaries or temporal onsets. Performance was excellent only when stimuli had sharp spatial boundaries. When discrimination between isoluminant coloured Gaussians was good it declined to chance levels if stimulus onset was slow. The ability to discriminate between instantaneously presented colours in the hemianopic field depended on their luminance, indicating that wavelength discrimination totally independent of other stimulus qualities is absent. When presented with narrow-band colours the hemianopes detected a stimulus maximally effective for S-cones but invisible to M- and L-cones, indicating that blindsight is mediated not just by the mid-brain, which receives no S-cone input, or that the rods contribute to blindsight. The results show that only simple stimulus features are processed in blindsight. 相似文献
990.
Mindfulness Training for Parents and Their Children With ADHD Increases the Children’s Compliance 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nirbhay N. Singh Ashvind N. Singh Giulio E. Lancioni Judy Singh Alan S. W. Winton Angela D. Adkins 《Journal of child and family studies》2010,19(2):157-166
Children with ADHD are often non-compliant with parental instructions. Various methods have been used to reduce problem behaviors
in these children, with medication and manipulation of behavioral contingencies being the most prevalent. An objection often
raised by parents is that these management strategies require them to impose external control on the children which not only
results in the children not learning self-control strategies, but also does not enhance positive interactions between them
and their parents. Studies have shown that providing mindfulness training to parents, without a focus on reducing problem
behaviors, can enhance positive interactions with their children and increase their satisfaction with parenting. We were interested
to see what effects giving mindfulness training to two mothers, and subsequently to their children, would have on compliance
by the children. Using a multiple baseline across mothers and children design, we found that giving a mother mindfulness training
enhanced compliance by her child. When the children were subsequently given similar training, compliance increased even more
markedly, and was maintained during follow-up. The mothers reported associated increases in satisfaction with the interactions
with their children and happiness with parenting. We suspect that the mindfulness training produces personal transformations,
both in parents and children, rather than teaching strategies for changing behavior. 相似文献