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901.
Christopher Alan Lewis Mark Shevlin Leslie J. Francis Catherine F. Quigley 《Journal of religion and health》2011,50(4):986-995
This study extends previous research concerning the association between religion and psychological health in six ways: (1)
by focusing clearly on religious attendance (church attendance); (2) by employing a robust measure of psychological distress
(GHQ-12); (3) by studying a highly religious culture (Northern Ireland); (4) by taking sex differences into account (male
or female); (5) by taking denominational differences into account (Catholic or Protestant); (6) and by obtaining a national
representative sample (N = 4,281 adults aged 16 and above). Results from a 2 (sex) by 2 (denomination) ANCOVA demonstrated that Catholics recorded
significantly lower levels of psychological health compared to Protestants, and that females showed significantly lower levels
of psychological health compared to males. In addition, females reported higher frequency of religious service attendance
than males, and Catholics reported higher attendance rates than Protestants. A significant positive association was found
between frequency of religious attendance and GHQ-12 scores, and this association was moderated by sex and denomination. In
conclusion, the results suggest that there may be sex and denominational differences in further understanding the relationship
between frequency of religious attendance and psychological health. 相似文献
902.
Alan J. Gow Roger Watson Martha Whiteman Ian J. Deary 《Journal of religion and health》2011,50(1):5-19
Being religious or having spiritual beliefs has been linked to improved health and well-being in several empirical studies.
Potential underlying mechanisms can be suggested by psychometrically reliable and valid indices. Two self-report measures
of religiosity/spirituality were completed by a cohort of older adults: the Religious Involvement Inventory and the Spiritual
Well-being Scale. Both were analyzed using principal components analysis and the Mokken scaling procedure. The latter technique
examines whether items can be described as having a hierarchical structure. The results across techniques were comparable
and hierarchical structures were discovered in the scales. Analysis of the hierarchy in the RII items suggested the latent
trait assesses the extent to which an individual’s belief in God influences their life. Examining scales with a range of psychometric
techniques may give a better indication of the latent construct being assessed, particularly the hierarchies within these
which may be of interest to those investigating religiosity-health associations. 相似文献
903.
Mizuho Osugi T. Mary Foster William Temple Alan Poling 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2011,96(1):123-138
Brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) were trained to press a right lever when a tone was presented (a tone‐on trial) and a left lever when a tone was not presented (a tone‐off trial) to gain access to food. During training the tone was set at 80 dB(A), with a frequency of 0.88 kH for 3 possums and of 4 kH for the other 2. Once accuracy was over 90% correct across five consecutive sessions, a test session was conducted where the intensity of the tone was reduced by 8 dB(A) over blocks of 20 trials until accuracy over a block fell below 60%. After each test session, training sessions were reintroduced and continued until accuracy was again over 90%, when another test session was conducted. This process continued until there were at least five test sessions at that tone frequency. The same procedure was then used with frequencies of 0.20, 0.88, 2, 4, 10, 12.5, 15, 20, 30, and 35 kHz. Percentage correct and d' decreased approximately linearly for all possums as tone intensity reduced. Both sets of lines were shallowest at the higher frequencies and steepest at the lower frequencies. Hit and false alarm rates mirrored each other at high frequencies but were asymmetric at lower frequencies. Equal d' contours showed that sensitivity increased from 2 to 15 kHz and continued to be high over 20 to 35 kHz. The possums remained sensitive to the 20 to 35 kHz tones even at low intensities. The present study is the first to report the abilities of possum to detect tones over this range of frequencies and its results support the findings of a microelectrode mapping survey of possums' auditory cortex. 相似文献
904.
Johansson A Santtila P Corander J Jern P Pahlen BV Varjonen M Sandnabba K 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2011,52(4):382-388
Controlling anger in self-reported sober and alcohol intoxicated states: Moderating effects of trait anger and alcohol consumption. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 52, 382-388. Retrospective self-reports about prior sober and alcohol intoxicated states were explored to reveal moderating effects of trait anger and alcohol consumption on anger control. The analyses were based on self-reports of trait anger and alcohol consumption as well as self-reports of the participants' typical levels of anger control in sober and alcohol intoxicated states in a population based sample of Finnish twins and their siblings (N = 4,852). The reported levels of anger control were lower regarding prior alcohol intoxicated states than sober states. A three-way interaction between alcohol consumption, trait anger and anger control was found. Whereas no interaction between alcohol consumption and trait anger was found in the self-reported sober state, there was an interactive effect of trait anger and alcohol consumption on anger control in the intoxicated state, indicating that the difference in anger control between those with high levels of alcohol consumption and those with low levels, was greater at higher levels of trait anger. Women had lower levels of anger control than men, but the relationship between trait anger, alcohol consumption and anger control was similar for both genders. In conclusion, the results showed that those with high levels of trait anger and alcohol consumption showed the lowest levels of anger control in self-reported alcohol intoxicated states, and indicate the importance of separating between anger control when sober and intoxicated since anger control seems to be differently related to at least trait anger and alcohol consumption in these states. 相似文献
905.
fMRI was used to explore age differences in the neural substrate of dual-task processing. Brain activations when there was a 100 ms SOA between tasks, and task overlap was high, were contrasted with activations when there was a 1000 ms SOA, and first task processing was largely complete before the second task began. Younger adults (M=21 yrs) showed activation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and in parietal areas as well as in ventral medial frontal cortex and sub-lobar areas. Activations in older adults (M=71 yrs) did not differ significantly from younger adults except for higher activations in occipital and polar prefrontal cortex. The results were well fit by a model with two networks managing dual-task interference, a medial prefrontal network that detects changes in the stimulus situation and maps them to associated changes in the valence of response mappings and a lateral frontal-parietal network that initiates and carries out the shift from one task to the other. The additional activations in older adults as a group and the correlations of individual differences in activation with performance were consistent with recruitment within each of these networks. Alternative explanations such as hemispheric asymmetry reduction and reactive rather than proactive processing in older adults were not supported. 相似文献
906.
Berman AL 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2011,41(1):110-116
Shneidman (1973) derived an estimate of six survivors for every suicide that, in the ensuing years, has become an assumed fact underlying public health messaging campaigns in support of suicide prevention and postvention programs worldwide, in spite of it lacking either empirical testing or validation. This report offers a first test designed to derive estimates of suicide survivors and raises an array of empirical questions needing further study to reasonably address the impact of suicide on others. 相似文献
907.
908.
Highly efficient dual-task processing is demonstrated when reaction time to each of two tasks does not differ between the dual-task situation and the single-task situation. This has been demonstrated reliably in younger adults; nevertheless, the two extant studies of extensive dual-task training did not find evidence for it in any elderly adult. The origins of age-related differences after training were explored in a study in which the stimuli for the two tasks were perfectly redundant although two distinct responses were required. The dual-task situation thus greatly reduced the demands of stimulus categorization while still requiring two response selections and two response executions. After only limited training 8 of 8 younger adults and 5 of 8 older adults showed performance consistent with highly efficient processing. Three older adults failed to show this even after 12 training sessions. The results implicate stimulus categorization more than response selection as an important locus of inefficient dual-task processing, particularly for older adults. 相似文献
909.
910.
Judgments about memory are essential in promoting knowledge; they help identify trustworthy memories and predict what information will be retained in the future. In the three experiments reported here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying predictions about memory. In Experiments 1 and 2, single words were presented once or multiple times, in large or small type. There was a double dissociation between actual memory and predicted memory: Type size affected predicted but not actual memory, and future study opportunities affected actual memory but scarcely affected predicted memory. The results of Experiment 3 suggest that beliefs and judgments are largely independent, and neither consistently resembles actual memory. Participants' underestimation of future learning-a stability bias-stemmed from an overreliance on their current memory state in making predictions about future memory states. The overreliance on type size highlights the fundamental importance of the ease-of-processing heuristic: Information that is easy to process is judged to have been learned well. 相似文献