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201.
202.
Numerous previous investigators have explained species differences in spatial memory performance in terms of differences
in foraging ecology. In three experiments we attempted to extend these findings by examining the extent to which the spatial
memory performance of echidnas (or "spiny anteaters") can be understood in terms of the spatio-temporal distribution of their
prey (ants and termites). This is a species and a foraging situation that have not been examined in this way before. Echidnas
were better able to learn to avoid a previously rewarding location (to "win-shift") than to learn to return to a previously
rewarding location (to "win-stay"), at short retention intervals, but were unable to learn either of these strategies at retention
intervals of 90 min. The short retention interval results support the ecological hypothesis, but the long retention interval
results do not.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
203.
Coordination often involves syntactically like categories. Based on the results of four reading time studies, it is argued here that the syntactic like-category restriction is not grammatical. Coordination of unlike categories can be just as acceptable as coordination of like categories. However, syntactically like category coordination is processed faster than coordination of unlike categories even when the two sentence types are judged to be fully acceptable. Further, parallelism of conjuncts facilitates processing regardless of whether it is parallelism in the category of the conjuncts (a property which the grammar might regulate) or parallelism in the internal structure of the conjuncts (a property which the grammar does not regulate, on anyone's view). Parallelism did not facilitate processing when the structure of a subject and object were manipulated, implying that parallelism effects are largely limited to the conjuncts of a coordinate structure and not due simply to the repetition of a phrase with a particular shape. 相似文献
204.
The measurement of “switch costs” is held to be of interest because, as is widely believed, they may reflect the control
processes that are engaged when subjects switch between two (or more) competing tasks. [In task-switching experiments, the
reaction time (RT) switch cost is typically measured as the difference in RT between switch and non-switch (repeat) trials.]
In this report we focus on the RT switch costs that remain even after the subject has had some time to prepare for the shift
of task, when the switch cost may be approximately asymptotic (so-called residual switch costs). Three experiments are presented.
All three experiments used Stroop colour/word, and neutral stimuli. Participants performed the two tasks of word-reading and
colour-naming in a regular, double alternation, using the “alternating runs” paradigm (R. D. Rogers & S. Monsell, 1995). The
experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that RT switch costs depend on a form of proactive interference (PI) arising
from the performance of a prior, competing task. A. Allport, E. A. Styles and S. Hsieh (1994) suggested that these PI effects
resulted from “task-set inertia”, that is, the persisting activation-suppression of competing task-sets, or competing task-processing
pathways. The results confirmed the existence of long-lasting PI from the competing task as a major contributor to switch
costs. Non-switch trials, used as the baseline in the measurement of switch costs, were also shown to be strongly affected
by similar PI effects. However, task-set inertia was not sufficient to account for these results. The results appeared inconsistent
also with all other previous models of task switching. A new hypothesis to explain these between-task interference effects
was developed, based on the stimulus-triggered retrieval of competing stimulus-response (S-R) associations, acquired (or strengthened)
in earlier trials. Consistent with this retrieval hypothesis, switch costs were shown to depend primarily on the S-R characteristics
of the preceding task (the task that was switched from) rather than the upcoming task. Further, the effects of the other,
competing task were found to persist over many successive switching trials, affecting switch costs long after the stimulus
overlap (and hence the principal S-R competition) between the current tasks had been removed. Switch costs were also found
to be affected by recent, item-specific experience with a given stimulus, in either the same or the competing task. Finally,
the results showed that switch costs were massively affected by the ratio of the number of prior trials, in response to the
same stimuli, that had implemented either the currently intended or the competing S-R mappings. None of these effects are
predicted by current models of residual switch costs, which appeal to the differences in control processes assumed to be engaged
in switch versus non-switch trials.
Received: 31 March 1999 / Accepted: 23 July 1999 相似文献
205.
Robert E. Lee Kathleen Burns Jager Jason B. Whiting Catherine T. Kwantes 《Contemporary Family Therapy》2000,22(1):81-90
Confirmatory factor analysis and regression analyses of the Beavers Interactional Scales did not appear to support the model offered by its developers, namely, several specified family attributes contributing respectively to two global factors of Family Competence and Family Style. Moreover, regression analysis indicated that only three of 12 items predicted raters' assessments of Global Family Health, and one of seven items predicted Global Family Style. Individuals interested in the family dynamic centripetal/centrifugal might best think of that as a unitary entity and rate it accordingly. 相似文献
206.
Three experiments studied the interaction between irrelevant speech and phonological similarity within both the remembered and the irrelevant auditory material. Phonological similarity within the remembered list impaired performance in both baseline and irrelevant speech conditions, whereas phonological similarity between the remembered and ignored irrelevant items did not influence performance. Although there was a tendency for similarity within the irrelevant items to reduce interference, this proved to be a less robust finding. Implications for the theoretical interpretation of the irrelevant speech effect are discussed. 相似文献
207.
208.
The inhibition of return (IOR) phenomenon is routinely considered an effect of reflexive attention because the paradigm used to generate IOR employs peripheral cues that are uninformative as to where a target will appear. Because the cues are spatially unreliable it is thought that there is no reason for attention to be committed volitionally to them, and hence, the IOR effect is considered reflexive. What has been generally overlooked, however, is that the cues provide reliable temporal information as to when a target will occur. This predictive information is used by participants to prepare volitionally for when a target is likely to appear. We investigated whether the IOR effect is a product of the volitional application of attention to peripheral cues for the use of their temporal information. To test this idea we rendered the temporal information provided by peripheral cues unreliable. While this eliminated participants using the cues volitionally, it did not abolish the IOR phenomenon. These data demonstrate two new findings. First, the IOR effect is fundamentally a reflexive phenomenon. Second, when peripheral cues are not used volitionally, the IOR effect is attenuated. Together, the present findings indicate that the IOR effect can be modulated by volitional (top-down) processes but it is not the product of them. We argue that an intimate link between fronto-parietal regions and the superior colliculus provide a functional neural mechanism for this volitional effect to impact IOR. 相似文献
209.
Weekly observations documented developmental changes in mother-infant face-to-face communication between birth and 3 months. Developmental trajectories for each dyad of the duration of infant facial expressions showed a change from the dominance of Simple Attention (without other emotion expressions) to active and emotionally positive forms of attention to the mother toward the end of the 2nd month. The results support an overlapping waves model, rather than a stage model, of developmental change. Sequential analysis found developmental changes from cycling between Gaze Elsewhere and Simple Attention to the Mother's Face in the early weeks to a complex sequence of transitions between Concentrated Attention, Smile, and Cooing Expression nested into sequences of positive communication during the 2nd and 3rd months. 相似文献
210.
Deane-Peter Baker 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》2005,57(2):77-103
Alvin Plantingas Warranted Christian Belief is without questionone of the central texts of the Reformed epistemology movement. Critiques of Plantingas defence have been both multiple and varied. As varied as these responses are, however, it is my contention that many of them amount to the same thing. It is the purpose of this paper to offer an overview of the main lines of attack that have been directed as Plantingas project, and thereafter to show how many, if not most, of these objections can be understood as versions or aspects of the same criticism, what I call the Inadequacy Thesis. 相似文献