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This paper is concerned with the psychophysiology of "muscle-contraction" headaches in a group of Compensation patients suffering from multiple pain problems in addition to headaches. A total of 55 of these patients were divided into 4 groups which received frontalis EMG biofeedback, relaxation training, combined biofeedback-relaxation training, or no treatment. Differences were observed among the 3 experimental treatments and the control group with respect to headache changes, but there were no differences among groups with respect to the changes observed in four underlying physiological responses as a function of time or practice. While the subjects who showed the largest changes in headache characteristics were those who exhibited the largest decreases in frontalis EMG, these were also the subjects whose initial frontalis EMG levels were the highest. It is concluded that, in keeping with a growing literature, the link between frontalis EMG and "muscle-contraction" headaches is a tenuous one and that the changes brought about in headache symptomatology through biofeedback or relaxation training are most likely attributable to a generalization of feelings of mastery over the environment or of self-efficacy brought about in the subjects through apparent success at the task. 相似文献
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Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a probability measure agreeing with a weak order on an algebra of events are given. In the case of a countable algebra they consist of an extension of Kraft, Pratt, and Seidenberg's (1959. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 38, 780–786) additivity condition through the requirement of an Archimedean property. In the case of a σ-algebra and a σ-additive agreeing probability, Villegas' (1964. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 35, 1787–1796) monotone continuity condition, which becomes necessary, is merely added to them. 相似文献
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Immunocytochemical Mapping of an RDL-Like GABA Receptor Subunit and of GABA in Brain Structures Related to Learning and Memory in the Cricket Acheta domesticus
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Colette Strambi Myriam Cayre David B. Sattelle Roger Augier Pierre Charpin Alain Strambi 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》1998,5(1):78-89
The distribution of putative RDL-like GABA receptors and of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain of the adult house cricket Acheta domesticus was studied using specific antisera. Special attention was given to brain structures known to be related to learning and memory. The main immunostaining for the RDL-like GABA receptor was observed in mushroom bodies, in particular the upper part of mushroom body peduncle and the two arms of the posterior calyx. Weaker immunostaining was detected in the distal part of the peduncle and in the α and β lobes. The dorso- and ventrolateral protocerebrum neuropils appeared rich in RDL-like GABA receptors. Staining was also detected in the glomeruli of the antennal lobe, as well as in the ellipsoid body of the central complex. Many neurons clustered in groups exhibit GABA-like immunoreactivity. Tracts that were strongly immunostained innervated both the calyces and the lobes of mushroom bodies. The glomeruli of the antennal lobe, the ellipsoid body, as well as neuropils of the dorso- and ventrolateral protocerebrum were also rich in GABA-like immuno- reactivity. The data demonstrated a good correlation between the distribution of the GABA-like and of the RDL-like GABA receptor immunoreactivity. The prominent distribution of RDL-like GABA receptor subunits, in particular areas of mushroom bodies and antennal lobes, underlines the importance of inhibitory signals in information processing in these major integrative centers of the insect brain. 相似文献
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Recently, a new paradigm has been proposed for the study of knowledge of performance (Schmidt & Young, 1991). In this paradigm, the experimenters identified an optimal kinematic movement pattern, based on the performance of a best subject, which was imposed on all subjects as the criterion to achieve. This approach, which assumes that this pattern is the best way for all subjects to do the task, was tested in the present experiment. In Experiment 1, a common optimal movement pattern could not be identified by an analysis of scatterplot graphs of the scores plotted as a function of various kinematic vanables or by correlating (within and across subjects [N = 14]) each kinematic variable with the score. In Experiment 2, subjects (N = 12) were retrained in 2 separate sessions, during which they tried to reproduce either a personal best or the best subject's template. Results indicated that scores were similar regardless of the template pattern being used. During training, however, subjects who used their personal template had a lower incidence of zero scores and were more consistent than those who used the template of the best subject. This provided a second line of evidence against the assumption that a common optimal movement pattern exists for this type of task. 相似文献
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Summary A Movement After-Effect (MAE) observed on a structured test figure contains generally two successive phases. The initial one is non-contingent upon the test figure and is assumed to result from an adaptation process. The second phase is shown to be contingent upon the features of the test figure and their similarity with those of the generating figure. A conditioning process is assumed to share in its appearance. In Experiment I, it is shown that the areal spread of MAE which may appear in the contingent phase is likely to result from a generalization process in which part of the test figure corresponding to an unstimulated area becomes transiently effective in generating a MAE. In Experiment II distributed practice of the MAE is shown to lead to an increase in the duration of the effect when the generating and test figures are similar. This last result suggests that the true conditioning stimulus is the generating figure as such. 相似文献
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A technique is described for the measurement, in the field, of stability and steadiness. Apparatus and method are provided along with suggested scoring procedures. 相似文献