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41.
Wada Y Shirai N Otsuka Y Midorikawa A Kanazawa S Dan I Yamaguchi MK 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2009,102(3):315-322
In adults, a salient tone embedded in a sequence of nonsalient tones improves detection of a synchronously and briefly presented visual target in a rapid, visually distracting sequence. This phenomenon indicates that perception from one sensory modality can be influenced by another one even when the latter modality provides no information about the judged property itself. However, no study has revealed the age-related development of this kind of cross-modal enhancement. Here we tested the effect of concurrent and unique sounds on detection of illusory contours during infancy. We used a preferential looking technique to investigate whether audio-visual enhancement of the detection of illusory contours could be observed at 5, 6, and 7 months of age. A significant enhancement, induced by sound, of the preference for illusory contours was observed only in the 7-month-olds. These results suggest that audio-visual enhancement in visual target detection emerges at 7 months of age. 相似文献
42.
Mukai A 《Perceptual and motor skills》2005,101(2):546-560
In the present study, people's names were used as Critical Lures (central concept not on the lists) in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm for studying false recall. Following Mukai, the transparency of false memory manipulation in the paradigm was manipulated to explore its influence on false recall. 80 volunteers (age range 17-30 years, M age = 20.9 yr., SD = 1.6) took part. Analyses showed that making the critical lure inconspicuous did not significantly increase false recall. However, the proportion of falsely recalled Critical Lures was significantly lower and the proportion of critical lures produced on a postrecall test (asking participants to report items that they had thought of but did not recall) was significantly higher when they spontaneously realized the nature of false memory manipulation. However, there was no effect on veridical recall of study items. These results suggest that participants strategically avoided reporting false recall for people's names as Critical Lures even without forewarning about false memory. 相似文献
43.
Mukai A 《Perceptual and motor skills》2006,103(3):654-656
This study correlated norms for critical lure identification from Neuschatz, Benoit, and Payne with false recall and recognition norms from Stadler, Roediger, and McDermott. Results showed that identifiability of the critical lures did not explain the effectiveness of false memory in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott list presentation paradigm when explicit warnings were not given to participants. Difference between the critical lures of people's names and critical lures that are not people's names was discussed. 相似文献
44.
Mukai A 《Psychological reports》2005,96(2):425-432
This experiment tested a prediction derived from Hollis and Valentine's 2001 adjectivization hypothesis, that having an adjectival form is the key factor that makes certain classes of proper names, i.e., country names, exhibit a common name-like pattern of long-term priming. The hypothesis predicted that, when adjectivized historical celebrity names, e.g., William Shakespeare/Shakespearean, were compared with nonadjectivized historical celebrity names, e.g., Emile Zola, cross-modality long-term priming in a familiarity decision task would occur only for nonadjectivized name stimuli. 32 students of literature, history, or philosophy (21 women and 11 men; age range 18-41 years, M age = 22.4 yr.) were tested. Priming was measured by latency of response. Analysis showed that the mean RT to primed items was faster than the mean RT to unprimed items when the prime task was presented in both visual and auditory modalities both for the adjectivized and nonadjectivized names. Contrary to the hypothesis, cross-modality priming was observed regardless of the adjectivization of name stimuli. The findings of the present experiment did not support the adjectivization hypothesis. 相似文献
45.
Matsumoto A 《Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2005,8(2):133-140
Chronic stress is known to induce disorders of reproductive neuroendocrine functions. Motoneurons of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) in male rats play an important role in copulatory behavior. In the present study, it was examined whether chronic stress would alter synaptic organization of the SNB motoneurons and whether androgen would modify the changes under chronic stress. Five male rats were under restraint stress for 5 days per week for 3 weeks, and five males implanted subcutaneously with Silastic capsules containing testosterone were also exposed to stress. Five males served as unstressed controls. After 3 weeks of restraint stress, cholera toxin-horseradish peroxidase (CT-HRP) was injected into the bulbocavernosus muscles and animals were killed 2 days later. The spinal cords containing the SNB were dissected, processed with a modified tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) method for visualization of retrogradely transported CT-HRP, and examined ultrastructurally. Neuronal structures apposing the membranes of 150 SNB motoneurons (total for three groups) were analyzed by measuring the percentage of somatic membranes covered by synaptic contacts. The mean percentage of somatic membranes covered by synapses in males exposed to chronic stress was significantly less than that in controls or stressed males treated with testosterone. Size and number of synaptic contacts per unit length of somatic membranes in males exposed to stress were also significantly less than those in controls or stressed males treated with testosterone. There was no significant difference in any of the parameters between controls and stressed males treated with testosterone. Changes in plasma levels of testosterone showed the same profile as changes in the synaptic contacts. These results suggest that the SNB motoneurons of male rats exposed to chronic stress retain a considerable synaptic plasticity in response to androgen, and that androgen treatment can rescue the SNB system in male rats when under chronic restraint stress. 相似文献
46.
This study compared four common methods for scoring a popular working memory span task, Daneman and Carpenter’s (1980) reading
span test. More continuous measures, such as the total number of words recalled or the proportion of words per set averaged
across all sets, were more normally distributed, had higher reliability, and had higher correlations with criterion measures
(reading comprehension and Verbal SAT) than did traditional span scores that quantified the highest set size completed or
the number of words in correct sets. Furthermore, creation of arbitrary groups (e.g., high-span and low-span groups) led to
poor reliability and greatly reduced predictive power. It is recommended that researchers score span tasks with continuous
measures and avoid post hoc dichotomization of working memory span groups. 相似文献
47.
A genuinely abstract number representation is thought to be capable of representing the numerosity of any set of discrete
elements, whether they are sequentially or simultaneously presented. Recent neuroimaging studies, however, have demonstrated
that different areas of intraparietal sulcus play a role in extracting numerosity across simultaneous or sequential presentation
during a quantification process, suggesting the existence of a format-dependent numerical system. To test whether behavioral
evidence exists for format-dependent numerical processing in adult humans, we measured the Weber fractions of numerosity discrimination
for sequential stimuli, simultaneous stimuli, and cross-format stimuli with a carefully controlled experimental procedure.
The results showed distinct differences between the performance in the simultaneous and sequential conditions, supporting
the existence of format-dependent processes for numerosity representation. Moreover, the performance on cross-format trials
differed among participants, with the exception that performance was always worse than in the simultaneous condition. Taken
together, our findings suggest that numerical representation may involve a complex set of multiple stages. 相似文献
48.
Several cognitive accounts of human communication argue for a language-independent, prelinguistic basis of human communication and language. The current study provides evidence for the universality of a prelinguistic gestural basis for human communication. We used a standardized, semi-natural elicitation procedure in seven very different cultures around the world to test for the existence of preverbal pointing in infants and their caregivers. Results were that by 10-14 months of age, infants and their caregivers pointed in all cultures in the same basic situation with similar frequencies and the same proto-typical morphology of the extended index finger. Infants' pointing was best predicted by age and caregiver pointing, but not by cultural group. Further analyses revealed a strong relation between the temporal unfolding of caregivers' and infants' pointing events, uncovering a structure of early prelinguistic gestural conversation. Findings support the existence of a gestural, language-independent universal of human communication that forms a culturally shared, prelinguistic basis for diversified linguistic communication. 相似文献
49.
Language experience can alter perceptual abilities and the neural specialization for phonological contrasts. Here we investigated whether dialectal differences in the lexical use of pitch information lead to differences in functional lateralization for pitch processing. We measured cortical hemodynamic responses to pitch pattern changes in native speakers of Standard (Tokyo) Japanese, which has a lexical pitch accent system, and native speakers of ‘accentless’ dialects, which do not have any lexical tonal phenomena. While the Standard Japanese speakers showed left-dominant responses in temporal regions to pitch pattern changes within words, the accentless dialects speakers did not show such left-dominance. Pitch pattern changes within harmonic-complex tones also elicited different brain activation patterns between the two groups. These results indicate that the neural processing of pitch information differs depending on the listener’s native dialect, and that listeners’ linguistic experiences may further affect the processing of pitch changes even for non-linguistic sounds. 相似文献
50.