Exercise type relates to inhibitory and error processing functions in older adults

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the association between exercise type and inhibition of prepotent responses and error detection. Totally, 75 adults (M = 68.88 years) were classified into one of three exercise groups: those who were regular participants in open- or closed-skill forms of exercise, and those who exercised only irregularly. The participants completed a Stroop and task-switching tasks with event-related brain potentials (ERPs) recorded. The results revealed that regular exercisers displayed faster reaction times (RTs) in the Stroop task compared with irregular exercisers. The open-skill exercisers exhibited smaller N200 and larger P300a amplitudes in the Stroop task compared with irregular exercisers. Furthermore, the open-skill exercisers showed a tendency of shorter error-related negativity latencies at the task-witching test. The findings suggest that older adults may gain extra cognitive benefits in areas such as inhibition functioning and error processing from participating in open-skill forms of physical exercises.     

父母心理控制对流动儿童道德推脱的影响:学校道德氛围感知的中介作用和性别的调节作用

以345名12～17岁初中阶段流动儿童为被试,采用问卷法考察学校道德氛围感知在流动儿童父母心理控制与道德推脱关系中的中介作用,以及性别的调节作用。结果表明:(1)父母心理控制正向预测流动儿童道德推脱;(2)学校道德氛围感知在父母心理控制和流动儿童道德推脱之间起到部分中介作用。(3)性别在父母心理控制与学校道德氛围感知间起调节作用,性别调节了中介模型的前半路径,具体而言,与男孩相较,女孩的学校道德氛围感知受到父母心理控制的影响作用更加显著。     

A comparison of prebunking and debunking interventions for implied versus explicit misinformation

Psychological research has offered valuable insights into how to combat misinformation. The studies conducted to date, however, have three limitations. First, pre-emptive (“prebunking”) and retroactive (“debunking”) interventions have mostly been examined in parallel, and thus it is unclear which of these two predominant approaches is more effective. Second, there has been a focus on misinformation that is explicitly false, but implied misinformation that uses literally true information to mislead is common in the real world. Finally, studies have relied mainly on questionnaire measures of reasoning, neglecting behavioural impacts of misinformation and interventions. To offer incremental progress towards addressing these three issues, we conducted an experiment (N = 735) involving misinformation on fair trade. We contrasted the effectiveness of prebunking versus debunking and the impacts of implied versus explicit misinformation, and incorporated novel measures assessing consumer behaviours (i.e., willingness-to-pay; information seeking; online misinformation promotion) in addition to standard questionnaire measures. In general, both prebunking and debunking reduced misinformation reliance. We also found that individuals tended to rely more on explicit than implied misinformation both with and without interventions.     

放射影像检查中的医学伦理困境及对策分析

分析放射影像检查中面临的医学伦理困境及产生原因,包括医疗市场化、公立医院背离公益性、相关卫生法律法规不足、部分医务人员缺乏医学伦理学意识和知识、医务人员业务水平参差不齐等,并提出了相应的改进对策：强化公立医院公益性,坚持以患者为中心,合理、有序、有效地选用各种成像技术和检查方法,优化影像检查程序,避免过度检查和重复检查,加强法制与政策监管,充分保护患者的生命健康权、知情同意权、隐私权,提高医务人员医学伦理意识和业务水平,真正体现对患者的人文关怀。

     

Liberal–conservative dimension of moral concerns underlying political faction formation in Taiwan

Moral foundations theory provides a framework for understanding the traditional liberal–conservative dichotomy in political factions. Typically, factions on the liberal side are more concerned with individualizing foundations—including care/harm and fairness/cheating—for the protection of individual rights and welfare whereas factions on the conservative side are concerned with both individualizing and binding foundations—including loyalty/betrayal, authority/subversion, and sanctity/degradation—for the maintenance of existing social ethics. Our research extended this framework to the analysis of Taiwanese political factions, which are not distributed conspicuously along the liberal–conservative line but instead on whether Taiwan should become a legally independent state or unify with the People's Republic of China (Mainland China). Our results indicate that despite the scarce use of the terms liberal or left and conservative or right in common communication, a liberal–conservative dimension underlies the Taiwanese political spectrum. Specifically, supporters of Taiwan independence exhibit liberal‐like moral concerns whereas supporters of China unification and the status quo demonstrate conservative‐like moral concerns. Moreover, indirect effects exist through moral foundations from political factions to stances on social issues; this is especially prevalent in the case of Taiwan independence camp's clear support for the legalization of same‐sex marriage, a stance resulting from anti‐authoritarian moral and political characteristics.     

非良基集合的外延公理

近年来,由于非良基集合在人工智能、认知科学及哲学等领域都有很重要的应用,它的研究越来越受到人们的关注。判断两个对象的同一性是集合论中最基本的问题,然而,与良基集合不同的是,非良基集合难以找到其最基本的组成成分,这样通常的外延公理就无法判断两个非良基集合（例如x={x}和y={y}）相等。为了找到判断两个非良基集合相等的标准,我们必须强化通常的外延公理。利用Aczel四种非良基公理（AFA,SAFA,FAFA和BAFA）,我们推出了四种判断两个非良基集合相等的标准,并且举例说明对于给定的两个非良基集合,如何判断它们相等,从而解决“循环集合”相等的问题。此外,笔者进一步论证判断这四种非良基集合相等的标准是通常外延公理的扩张,而不是替代。为此,本文首先给出了集合和图的一些基本定义和结果;其次讨论了由四种非良基公理AFA,SAFA,FAFA和BAFA分别确定的四种集合全域A,S,F和B;最后,讨论了外延公理的扩张。     

Beliefs and preferences in cultural agents and cultural game players

Two laboratory experiments demonstrated that Japanese participants did not conform to the majority unless negative social implications of not conforming were clear. When their behaviour had no implications for others, they rather exhibited preference for uniqueness. Results of Study 2 further demonstrated that participants' conformity to the majority was particularly prevalent among those who were chronically concerned with how other people would perceive them. Participants in these studies were shown to be cultural game players who changed their behaviour in response to anticipated responses of others based on culturally shared beliefs.     

Sport stacking activities in school children's motor skill development

This study examined the impact of a 12-wk. sport stacking intervention on reaction time (RT), manual dexterity, and hand-eye coordination in elementary school-aged children. 80 Grade 2 students participated in a 15-min. sport stacking practice session every school day for 12 wk., and were tested on psychomotor performance improvement. Tests for choice RT, manual dexterity, and photoelectric rotary pursuit tracking were conducted pre- and post-intervention for both experimental group (n = 36) and the controls (n = 44) who did no sport stacking. Students who had the intervention showed a greater improvement in two-choice RT. No other group difference was found. Such sport stacking activities may facilitate children's central processing and perceptual-motor integration.     

幼儿心理理论与执行功能关系的研究

本研究目的在于探讨幼儿的心理理论与执行功能(主要是抑制控制)之间是否存在着某种关系。给39名3～4岁的幼儿施测多种心理理论任务、抑制控制任务、非心理状态任务和智力测量。结果发现：(1)在控制相关因素后,心理理论各任务之间的相关仍然存在;(2)在控制相关因素后,抑制控制诸任务之间仍保持高相关;(3)幼儿在心理理论任务上的表现与其在抑制控制任务上的表现呈显著相关,即使控制了年龄、性别、智力(包括言语智力和操作智力)、非心理状态控制任务之后,这种相关仍旧存在。     

先秦稷下学宫黄老思想与中医理论形成的相关性探讨

运用文献学及史学方法,从精气学说、“无为”思想和辩证思维等方面,探讨黄老思想对中医气一元论、摄生思想、整体观及辨证思想形成的影响。认为黄老哲学使零散的中医学理论系统化、规范化发挥了重大的作用。