The aftermath of memory retrieval for recycling visual working memory representations

We examined the aftermath of accessing and retrieving a subset of information stored in visual working memory (VWM)—namely, whether detection of a mismatch between memory and perception can impair the original memory of an item while triggering recognition-induced forgetting for the remaining, untested items. For this purpose, we devised a consecutive-change detection task wherein two successive testing probes were displayed after a single set of memory items. Across two experiments utilizing different memory-testing methods (whole vs. single probe), we observed a reliable pattern of poor performance in change detection for the second test when the first test had exhibited a color change. The impairment after a color change was evident even when the same memory item was repeatedly probed; this suggests that an attention-driven, salient visual change made it difficult to reinstate the previously remembered item. The second change detection, for memory items untested during the first change detection, was also found to be inaccurate, indicating that recognition-induced forgetting had occurred for the unprobed items in VWM. In a third experiment, we conducted a task that involved change detection plus continuous recall, wherein a memory recall task was presented after the change detection task. The analyses of the distributions of recall errors with a probabilistic mixture model revealed that the memory impairments from both visual changes and recognition-induced forgetting are explained better by the stochastic loss of memory items than by their degraded resolution. These results indicate that attention-driven visual change and recognition-induced forgetting jointly influence the “recycling” of VWM representations.     

自闭症谱系障碍个体的疼痛敏感性异常：来自元分析的证据

本研究采用元分析方法, 以疼痛阈限、疼痛诱发生理反应和疼痛评分为结果变量, 考察了自闭症谱系障碍个体(Autism Spectrum Disorder, ASD)的疼痛敏感性异常, 以期为ASD的诊断和干预提供参考。元分析共纳入16项研究(总样本量N = 822)。对于疼痛阈限, ASD组和对照组无显著差异, 但受到疼痛模态等变量的调节作用, 如ASD组的压力疼痛阈限显著低于对照组。对于疼痛诱发生理反应, ASD组对现实医疗疼痛的生理反应强于对照组。然而, ASD组和对照组在疼痛评分上无显著差异。将来研究应结合多模态疼痛刺激和多维度疼痛评估, 系统考察ASD个体的疼痛敏感性及其与临床核心症状之间的联系。     

累积创伤对儿童复杂性创伤后应激障碍的影响：经验回避与消极认知情绪调节策略的中介作用

为探讨儿童的累积创伤与复杂性创伤后应激障碍(CPTSD)的关系机制,研究以方便取样法选取河南省7所小学的3478名4~5年级、有创伤经历的儿童为被试,采用创伤经历核查表、抑郁的行为激活问卷、认知情绪调节问卷和国际创伤问卷进行测试。结果发现:(1)累积创伤、经验回避、消极认知情绪调节策略和CPTSD之间具有显著相关性,且累积创伤能够显著正向预测CPTSD;(2)经验回避和消极认知情绪调节策略在累积创伤和CPTSD之间起显著的中介作用。具体为:一是经验回避的中介作用;二是灾难化的中介作用;三是经验回避-自责、经验回避-沉思、经验回避-灾难化的链式中介作用。因此,减少创伤事件的发生,激活儿童行为,调整消极认知情绪是改善和预防儿童CPTSD的重要途径。     

The number and quality of representations in working memory

Flexible-resource theories characterize working memory as a flexible resource that can store either a large number of low-quality representations or a small number of high-quality representations. In contrast, limited-item theories propose that the number of items that can be stored in working memory is strictly limited and cannot be increased by decreasing the quality of the representations. We tested these fundamentally different conceptualizations of working memory capacity by determining whether observers could trade quality for quantity in working memory when given incentives to do so. We found no evidence that observers could increase the number of representations by decreasing their quality in working memory, but observers could make such a trade-off at earlier processing stages. Our results show that the capacity limit of working memory is best characterized as a limit on the number of items that can be stored and not as a limit on a finely divisible resource that simultaneously determines the number and quality of the representations.     

Volitional lifestyle in healthy elderly: its relevance to rest-activity cycle,nocturnal sleep,and daytime napping

Sleep-related problems are prevalent among the aged. The present study examined the influence of a mentally active or "volitional" lifestyle on the rest-activity cycle, nocturnal sleep, and daytime napping in the healthy elderly. 14 aged individuals with a high Volitional lifestyle (M = 74.1 yr. old) and 14 with a Low Volitional lifestyle (M = 73.0 yr. old) were screened by questionnaires including the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale scale and the Self-confidence scale. Their activity levels were monitored by a wrist actigraph system for 14 consecutive days. They were also asked to record daily sleep logs. The total times of nocturnal sleep and daytime napping did not differ between the groups. However, the acrophases of circadian (tau = 24 hr.) and circasemidian (tau = 12 hr.) activity cycles were more advanced in the Low Volitional group. In addition, the High Volitional group took a daytime nap with a better timing than did the Low Volitional group: the former started a nap during the phase in which their activity level was going down, whereas the latter when their activity level was going up. These results suggest that high volitional lifestyle may be related to better rest-activity cycle in the healthy elderly.     

公民教育:精英的,还是民主的?——试论理查德·罗蒂与阿兰·布鲁姆之争

培养什么样的人,怎样培养人,对任何政治共同体来说,均事关重大.布鲁姆认为,公民教育的目的在于培养少数哲学家,教师的责任在于引导学生阅读古代伟大的经典,理解蕴藏在经典中的微言大义,迈向由历时性哲人构成的共同体.而罗蒂则认为,公民教育的目的在于培养关心时事的公共知识分子,经典是我们可以随时可以拆除的梯子,因为现代人面临的情势和解决问题的工具都不同于古代人.公民教育不是一个形而上学问题,而是一个政治问题,一个培养公民对特定共同体认同和忠诚的问题.     

宋代理学家的犯罪心理学思想研究

以二程和朱熹为代表的理学家的犯罪心理学思想比较丰富,对后世的犯罪心理学思想的发展具有重要影响。这里,我们拟从人性与犯罪、人欲与犯罪、刑罚与教化等三个方面对宋代理学家的犯罪心理学思想作一些初步探讨。     

对高校无神论教育的思考

高校是学术的殿堂,科学的圣地,也是传播科学精神,培养科学理念的重要阵地。大学阶段是学生的世界观和人生观形成的重要时期,在这个重要     

著名科学家陷入有神论的原因浅析

一部自然科学史,是一部科学发现的历史,是科学家用智慧和汗水书写的历史。人们崇尚科学的同时,对科学家也产生由衷的敬意和佩服。然而,在科学历史上有这样一种现象值得人们关注,那就是一些著名的科学家却不是我们想象的无神论者,而是有神论者。诸如:经典物理学的创立者牛顿,在晚年埋头于解释《约翰启示录》,并且以神学为题材写了一本专著《评但以理书和圣约翰启示录》,并且三次上书主教本特雷,论证上帝的存在。和达尔文同时提出进化论的动植物学家华莱士非常热心地研究催眠颅相学和神灵照相的江湖骗术,证明灵魂可以离开肉体独立存在。克鲁克…     

互惠教学:情境教学与认知教学结合的典范

互惠教学是一种教授阅读理解策略的教学模式,结合了专家示范教学与小组对话的特征。本文回顾了互惠教学这一教学模式的提出,以及在以往二十多年里这一领域所经历的策略研究、对话研究与教学情境研究的三个阶段;进而评价了以往研究中的不足。展望了今后研究的方向,为阅读策略的教学与研究提供了参考,并支持了专长研究的新视角。