Japanese and British Children's Understanding of the Social Function of Pretend Crying

The purpose of this study was to investigate cross-cultural differences in children's understanding of pretend crying. Five- and 6-year-olds from Japan and the United Kingdom (N = 71) heard two hypothetical stories in which the protagonist of each story pretended to cry in front of another person. Children were asked about the appearance–reality distinction of pretend crying, the other character's thoughts and behavior, and the children's own moral judgment of pretend crying. Cultural differences were found in their understanding of the social function of pretend crying. Japanese children judged that pretend crying elicited another's concern and prosocial behavior more than British children. There were no significant differences in appearance–reality distinction or moral judgments between Japanese and British children. All participants successfully discriminated between pretend crying and real crying, and most participants judged pretend crying as “not good” behavior. These results suggested that Japanese children might be more expected to be sensitive to others’ feelings, and that such cultural differences in communication and socialization lead to different patterns in expectations of the social consequences of pretend crying.     

诱导排尿反射对急性酒精性意识障碍患者催醒作用的研究

为了观察以呋塞米注射液诱导排尿反射对急性酒精性意识障碍患者促醒的作用,将30例急性重度酒精中毒患者纳入观察,随机分为2组,每组15例.两组患者均予补液,营养支持,纠正水电解质、酸碱平衡等对症处理.对照组予注射用纳洛酮2mg,加入5％葡萄糖溶液中静滴,纳洛酮日总用量不超过4.0mg.观察组在对照组基础上,加用呋塞米注射液20mg静脉推注,1次/日.对照组治疗后平均苏醒时间为1.85h±0.26h,观察组治疗后平均苏醒时间为1.28h±0.22h,经t检验,t=6.481 7,P＜0.01,提示观察组疗效优于对照组.笔者认为,以呋塞米注射液诱导排尿反射对急性酒精性意识障碍患者有较好的促醒作用,不仅与促进酒精代谢有关,兴奋觉醒中枢亦是其可能的机制.     

Effort and negative affect interact to predict cardiovascular responses to stress

Objective: Although traditional models posit that negative emotional responses to stress increase cardiovascular reactivity (CVR), laboratory studies have generally not found a strong emotion–CVR association. In this paper, we took a multidimensional approach to examining psychological reactions to stress in three studies.

Methods: In each study we assessed the amount of effort exerted by a participant and the negative affect (NA) felt by the participant with different self-reported measures and an effort behavioural measure.

Results: Our findings consistently demonstrated that NA was associated with CVR when effort was relatively high, but not when effort was relatively low.

Conclusion: This suggests that the weak NA–CVR correlations reported in past research may have been confounded by a third effort-related variable and that CVR is significantly associated with NA under certain circumstances. Furthermore, our findings suggest that by considering the multidimensional nature of psychological responses to stress, we may come to better understand the links between stress-related emotion and physiology.     

延展认知论及其争议

随着第二代认知科学思潮的出现,延展认知作为其中的代表之一受到越来越多的关注。延展认知论认为,人的认知过程可以超越颅骨和体肤的限制,延展到外部实体上,认知主体和外部世界构成了巨型的认知耦合系统。延展认知论的出现有助于拓宽研究者的理论视野,使人们对"心-身-环境"的关系产生新的认识,并对认知科学的实际应用有重要贡献。然而同任何心理学的新理论一样,延展认知论观点一经提出也引起了广泛争议。     

Theory of Mind and Sensitivity to Teacher and Peer Criticism Among Japanese Children

This study investigated sensitivity to teacher and peer criticism among 89 Japanese 6‐year‐olds and examined the connection between sensitivity to criticism and first‐order and second‐order theory of mind separately. Participants completed a common test battery that included tasks assessing sensitivity to criticism (teacher or peer condition), the Picture Vocabulary Test—Revised, and theory of mind tasks. The results showed that the children with better understanding of second‐order mental states rated their ability negatively after teacher criticism, but they were motivated to keep trying. This phenomenon was found under only the teacher condition, and peer criticism did not significantly affect children's response, irrespective of theory‐of‐mind level. Cognitive and social factors that may have contributed to the children's responses to criticism are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

模拟法官决策中心理控制源对后见偏差的影响

考察模拟法官决策中心理控制源对后见偏差的影响。实验采用2（心理控制源：外控型、内控型）×3（有无策略：后见组、分散注意组、指导组）两因素被试间实验设计。采用自编两个案例及问卷测查模拟法官决策中后见效应的差异。实验结果发现,不同心理控制源是导致模拟法官决策中后见偏差存在差异的影响因素。同时,两种策略都能够有效减少模拟法官决策中的后见偏差。     

Cross-cultural validation of Holland’s interest structure in chinese population

This study evaluated [Holland, 1973], [Holland, 1985] and [Holland, 1997] structural hypotheses—circular order and circumplex—in two populations in China at both the subtest (Activities, Competencies, Occupational Preferences, and Self-ratings on Abilities) and the entire test levels of the Self-Directed Search (SDS; Holland, 1994). Confirmatory factor analyses suggested that the circumplex model was generally not supported for Chinese people. Randomization tests of hypothesized order relations suggested that the circular order model fit both Mainland China and Hong Kong samples at the Activities and Occupational Preferences subtests. Randomization tests of differences in fit indicated that there was generally no cultural or gender differences in terms of model fit. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed.     

阅读水平不同的儿童解决比较型算术题研究

以不同阅读水平的30名小学三年级儿童为被试,以比较型算术应用题为材料,对解决算术应用题的能力进行研究,结果如下：1)在总得分上,阅读能力优秀组的得分显著高于阅读能力不良组,其它各组之间差异不显著。在解决问题的总时间上,阅读理解主效应显著,各组之间差异均显著,阅读能力越好,解题时间越少。2)题目类型主效应显著,一致型题得分显著高于不一致型题。在解题时间上,题目类型主效应不显著。     

《亲鸾梦记》之带妻神话论

净土真宗的祖师亲鸾是日本史上首位公然娶妻在俗的僧人。面对显密教团对女犯的攻击,教团内部自古有《亲鸾梦记》一文为据。此文以行者宿报设女犯,我成玉女身被犯,一生之间能庄严,临终引导生极乐为中心的观音指点论将亲鸾的带妻神化,从而赋予其破戒高度的正当性与权威性。《亲鸾梦记》不仅起到了美化亲鸾、重塑祖师形象的效果,更重要的是成为了真宗正统化的理论依据及在家宗风的源流。     

Functional brain activation differences in stuttering identified with a rapid fMRI sequence

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether brain activity related to the presence of stuttering can be identified with rapid functional MRI (fMRI) sequences that involved overt and covert speech processing tasks. The long-term goal is to develop sensitive fMRI approaches with developmentally appropriate tasks to identify deviant speech motor and auditory brain activity in children who stutter closer to the age at which recovery from stuttering is documented. Rapid sequences may be preferred for individuals or populations who do not tolerate long scanning sessions. In this report, we document the application of a picture naming and phoneme monitoring task in 3 min fMRI sequences with adults who stutter (AWS). If relevant brain differences are found in AWS with these approaches that conform to previous reports, then these approaches can be extended to younger populations. Pairwise contrasts of brain BOLD activity between AWS and normally fluent adults indicated the AWS showed higher BOLD activity in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), right temporal lobe and sensorimotor cortices during picture naming and higher activity in the right IFG during phoneme monitoring. The right lateralized pattern of BOLD activity together with higher activity in sensorimotor cortices is consistent with previous reports, which indicates rapid fMRI sequences can be considered for investigating stuttering in younger participants.Educational objectives: The reader will learn about and be able to describe the: (1) use of functional MRI to study persistent developmental stuttering; (2) differences in brain activation between persons who stutter and normally fluent speakers; and (3) potential benefit of time efficient fMRI sequences combined with a range of speech processing tasks for investigating stuttering in younger populations.