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Semerari A Carcione A Dimaggio G Nicoló G Pedone R Procacci M 《Journal of personality disorders》2005,19(6):690-710
Many authors consider that patients suffering from Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) are hampered in their ability to metarepresent, which is the correct ascribing of states of mind to oneself and to others and the reflecting thereon. Although the ability to mentalize is generally described as being uniform, various authors pinpoint problems which appear to be of a diverse psychological nature. Some describe difficulties in identifying emotions or a shortfall in their regulation, others identify a lack of integration between representations of self and those of others, and yet others focus on the failure to distinguish between fantasy and reality. In the present research all sessions during the first year of therapy of four patients suffering from BPD were tape-recorded and transcribed, and then analyzed using the Metacognition Assessment Scale (MAS), which is designed for the evaluation of the ability to metarepresent in clinical reports. The results support the hypothesis that there is a metarepresentation impairment in BPD but that it is more selective than was thought until now. In particular, such patients maintain their ability to identify internal states, whereas they are impaired in the integration of representations of self and others and in the differentiation between fantasy and reality. 相似文献
134.
Sean?P.?ReilleyEmail author Andrew?L.?Geers Dawn?L.?Lindsay Laura?Deronde William?N.?Dember 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2005,24(1):43-59
Optimism and pessimism are personality variables that have repeatedly been shown to affect health, job performance, and social
relationships. Various instruments purport to measure these dispositions that differ substantially in their theoretical and
measurement models. While research has examined relations between subsets of these measures, their unique predictive ability
has been neglected. Three sequential studies evaluated the interrelation and predictive ability of the three most utilized
instruments, the Life Orientation Test (LOT), the O/P Instrument (OPI) and variants of the Attributional Style Questionnaire
(ASQ). Consistent with expectations, measures sharing a future-expectancy component (LOT and OPI) were moderately related
and most predictive of health, depression, and coping. ASQ measures were modestly related to the LOT and OPI and offered less
consistent predictions. 相似文献
135.
A classical definition of automaticity establishes that automatic processing occurs without attention or consciousness, and cannot be controlled. Previous studies have demonstrated that semantic priming can be reduced if attention is directed to a low-level of analysis. This finding suggests that semantic processing is not automatic since it can be controlled. In this paper, we present two experiments that demonstrate that semantic processing may occur in the absence of attention and consciousness. A negative semantic priming effect was found when a low-level prime-task was required and when a masked lexical decision prime-task was performed (Experiment 1). This paper also discusses the limitations of the inhibitory mechanism involved in negative semantic priming effect. 相似文献
136.
Previous studies on human causal learning (De Houwer & Beckers, 2003; De Houwer, Beckers, & Glautier, 2002) showed that secondary task difficulty (performing an easy vs. a difficult secondary task during the main causal learning task) and ceiling information (outcome occurs with a maximal vs. submaximal intensity) had an influence on forward blocking (i.e., lower causal ratings for cue T when AT+ trials are preceded by A+ trials than when no A+ trials are presented). We extended these studies by also examining self-reports of participants about the reasons behind their causal ratings. Blocking was found only for participants who reported an appropriate blocking inference. Furthermore, secondary task difficulty and ceiling information influenced the number of participants who reported an appropriate blocking inference. These findings point to a major impact of inferential reasoning in human causal learning. 相似文献
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Toro JM Trobalon JB Sebastián-Gallés N 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》2005,31(1):95-100
Human infants use prosodic cues present in speech to extract language regularities, and it has been suggested that this capacity is anchored in more general mechanisms that are shared across mammals. This study explores the extent to which rats can generalize prosodic cues that have been extracted from a training corpus to new sentences and how this discrimination process is affected by the normalization of the sentences when multiple speakers are introduced. Conditions 1 and 2 show rats' abilities to use prosodic cues present in speech, allowing them to discriminate between sentences not previously heard. But this discrimination is not possible when sentences are played backward. Conditions 3 and 4 show that language discrimination by rats is also taxed by the process of speaker normalization. These findings have remarkable parallels with data from human adults, human newborns, and cotton-top tamarins. Implications for speech perception by humans are discussed. 相似文献
139.
Pongrácz P Molnár C Miklósi A Csányi V 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2005,119(2):136-144
The authors investigated whether human listeners could categorize played-back dog (Canis familiaris) barks recorded in various situations and associate them with emotional ratings. Prerecorded barks of a Hungarian herding dog breed (Mudi) provided the sample. Human listeners were asked to rate emotionality of the vocalization and to categorize the situations on the basis of alternative situations provided on a questionnaire. The authors found almost no effect of previous experience with the given dog breed or of owning a dog. Listeners were able to categorize bark situations high above chance level. Emotionality ratings for particular bark samples correlated with peak and fundamental frequency and interbark intervals. The authors did not find a significant effect of tonality (harmonic-to-noise ratio) on either the emotionality rating or situation categorization of the human listeners. Humans' ability to recognize meaning suggests that barks could serve as an effective means of communication between dog and human. 相似文献
140.
Research that uses simple response time tasks and neuroimaging has emphasized that attentional preparation based on temporal
expectancy modulates processing at motor levels. A novel approach was taken to study whether the temporal orienting of attention
can also modulate perceptual processing. A temporal-cuing paradigm was used together with a rapid serial visual presentation
procedure, in order to maximize the processing demands of perceptual analysis. Signal detection theory was applied in order
to examine whether temporal orienting affects processes related to perceptual sensitivity or to response criterion (indexed
byďand beta measures, respectively). If temporal orienting implies perceptual preparation, we would expect to observe an increase
in perceptual sensitivity (ď) when a target appeared at expected, rather than unexpected, time intervals. Indeed, our behavioral results opened the possibility
that focusing attention on time intervals not only enhances motor processing, as has been shown by previous research, but
also might improve perceptual processing. 相似文献