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161.
Marinkovic K Baldwin S Courtney MG Witzel T Dale AM Halgren E 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2011,11(1):113-130
Understanding a joke relies on semantic, mnemonic, inferential, and emotional contributions from multiple brain areas. Anatomically
constrained magnetoencephalography (aMEG) combining high-density whole-head MEG with anatomical magnetic resonance imaging
allowed us to estimate where the humor-specific brain activations occur and to understand their temporal sequence. Punch lines provided either funny,
not funny (semantically congruent), or nonsensical (incongruent) replies to joke questions. Healthy subjects rated them as
being funny or not funny. As expected, incongruous endings evoke the largest N400m in left-dominant temporo-prefrontal areas,
due to integration difficulty. In contrast, funny punch lines evoke the smallest N400m during this initial lexical–semantic
stage, consistent with their primed “surface congruity” with the setup question. In line with its sensitivity to ambiguity,
the anteromedial prefrontal cortex may contribute to the subsequent “second take” processing, which, for jokes, presumably
reflects detection of a clever “twist” contained in the funny punch lines. Joke-selective activity simultaneously emerges
in the right prefrontal cortex, which may lead an extended bilateral temporo-frontal network in establishing the distant unexpected
creative coherence between the punch line and the setup. This progression from an initially promising but misleading integration
from left frontotemporal associations, to medial prefrontal ambiguity evaluation and right prefrontal reprocessing, may reflect
the essential tension and resolution underlying humor. 相似文献
162.
Zachrisson A 《The International journal of psycho-analysis》2011,92(4):943-961
This paper presents a heuristic model for the dynamics of psychoanalytic supervision. It is not a manual for how to perform supervision, but a model for how to identify and think about the complex elements and forces influencing the supervisory process. The point of departure is that psychoanalysis is a composite craft in which seemingly contrary elements like strict rules and creative intuitions have their place and interact. Several aspects of supervision are discussed: aims, learning processes, teaching methods, relationship, emotional atmosphere and evaluation. Competence is given a pivotal place in the model. The main feature of the model is that these aspects of supervision are all seen as suspended in a field of dynamic tensions between phenomena in real or apparent opposition. One example of this is the tension in the supervisory relationship between supervisor as instructor acting as an authority for the candidate whilst being a mentor fostering autonomy in the candidate. It is argued that related kinds of dynamics characterize several aspects of psychoanalytic supervision and that these tensions are inherent in analytic work. In conclusion a key word picture of the model is presented. 相似文献
163.
Paul C. Anders 《Sophia》2011,50(1):25-37
Many religiously minded materialist philosophers have attempted to understand the doctrine of the survival of death from within
a physicalist approach. Their goal is not to show the doctrine false, but to explain how it can be true. One such approach
has been developed by Peter van Inwagen. After explaining what I call the duplication objection, I present van Inwagen’s proposal
and show how a proponent might attempt to solve the problem of duplication. I argue that the very features of the view that
aid the proponent in responding to the duplication objection entails the possibility of an impossible state of affairs—that
two distinct persons can at the same time be identical with the same bundle of material simples. The religiously minded materialist
is caught between the horns of a dilemma. One’s view regarding human persons must be robust enough to account for personal
identity over time, and so not fall to the duplication objection. At the same time, the view must not entail the possibility
of two persons temporarily having complete coincident existence. 相似文献
164.
Tamara Marksteiner Karl Ask Marc‐André Reinhard Pär Anders Granhag 《Applied cognitive psychology》2011,25(4):541-547
Previous demonstrations of asymmetrical scepticism (i.e., that investigators perceive evidence inconsistent [vs. consistent] with the focal hypothesis of a case as less reliable) have failed to account for the underlying mechanism. This study examined whether inconsistent evidence is discredited due to its inconsistency with a prior belief or because it conflicts with the goal to reach closure in a case. Police trainees (N = 107) were presented with a homicide case and judged the reliability of incriminating or exonerating evidence while entertaining a ‘guilty’ or ‘innocent’ hypothesis concerning a suspect. Asymmetrical scepticism was observed in the guilty condition, but not in the innocent condition, partially supporting the goal‐consistency explanation. Implications for the organization of criminal investigations are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
165.
Previous research has shown that exposure to social information can influence behaviour through the automatic activation of goals. In the first study to examine such influences in a legal setting, an experiment with 104 experienced criminal investigators tested the idea that exposure to occupational norms can activate distinct information‐processing goals. As predicted, exposure to norms associated with efficiency (vs. thoroughness) sped up and reduced the depth of investigators' processing of criminal evidence, thus reducing their openness to sequentially late witness evidence. In addition, the goal activation operated outside investigators' awareness, illustrating the insidious cognitive influence of occupational norms. The results are discussed in terms of practical significance and contributions to the goal activation literature and the applied study of criminal investigations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
166.
The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with repeated suicide attempts among criminal justice clients examined for substance abuse using the Addiction Severity Index. Among suicide attempters (n=1,404), repeaters (two or more attempts, n=770) were compared to nonrepeaters. In logistic regression, repetition was associated with younger age, opioid analgesics, somatic medication, overdose, maternal psychiatric problems, delirium tremens, cognitive problems, and violent behavior. As in other settings, factors associated with repetition differed from those associated with suicide attempts in general. In this setting, substance use complications and cognitive problems were connected to repetition and should be addressed in risk assessments. 相似文献
167.
Anders Winman Gustaf Gredeb ck 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2006,59(1):28-45
The authors criticize the use of participants' predictive responses during a learning phase as a measure of causal assessments (J. M. Tangen & L. G. Allan, 2003, 2004). Simulations demonstrate that a general aim to minimize error as required in the prediction task will produce results in accordance with those observed, in particular apparent cue interaction effects. It is argued that measures estimated from prediction responses do not reflect causal ratings, but are side-effects of learning explained by adaptation in strategy to changes in presented cell frequencies. The results are reinterpreted to be in line with a causal model view, not requiring dual processes or cue competition of lower level associative processes. 相似文献
168.
The recent Eurozone crisis and negotiations over bailout packages to Greece are more than a simple controversy about financial resources. They have a decidedly moralistic overtone. Giving more funds is thought by some to be unfair to hard‐working taxpayers and does not teach Greece an important moral lesson. Yet much international political economy scholarship neglects such considerations. We build on moral psychology to understand the ethical drivers of both German support and opposition to the 2015 Greek government bailout package. We analyze original survey data to show how morality is an essential factor in Germany's hard‐line approach. Our results show that caring and European attachment are associated with bailout support, while authority, national attachment, and retributive fairness drive opposition. Some morals also have boundaries: National attachment attenuates the effect of harm/care on support for foreign financial assistance but strengthens the effect of fairness on bailout opposition. Moral psychology helps us understand foreign policy but must be adapted to account for multiple potential ingroups. 相似文献
169.
170.
Psychologically stressful events have been reported to elevate nerve growth factor (NGF) serum concentrations. NGF and cortisol serum concentrations were measured in 20 healthy male volunteers before (3 p.m.) and after (5 p.m.) an academic oral presentation and on a control day. Cortisol showed a significant overall change (p=0.001), i.e. cortisol serum concentrations were increased on the lecture day at 3 p.m. (p=0.007; 155%) and at 5 p.m. (p=0.001; 175%) as compared with the control day. In contrast to cortisol no significant differences among the four serum NGF measurements was detected (Chi-quadrat 2.94, df=3, p=0.401), i.e. the NGF serum concentrations remained unchanged on the lecture day at 3 p.m. (p=0.279) and at 5 p.m. (p=0.627) as compared with the control day. We conclude that NGF serum levels do not change during acute stress, at least after this type of stressor. 相似文献