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231.
232.
Pinto Y Olivers CN Theeuwes J 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2006,32(1):59-72
Intuitively, dynamic visual stimuli, such as moving objects or flashing lights, attract attention. Visual search tasks have revealed that dynamic targets among static distractors can indeed efficiently guide attention. The present study shows that the reverse case, a static target among dynamic distractors, allows for relatively efficient selection in certain but not all cases. A static target was relatively efficiently found among distractors that featured apparent motion, corroborating earlier findings. The important new finding was that static targets were equally easily found among distractors that blinked on and off continuously, even when each individual item blinked at a random rate. However, search for a static target was less efficient when distractors abruptly varied in luminance but did not completely disappear. The authors suggest that the division into the parvocellular pathway dealing with static visual information, on the one hand, and the magnocellular pathway common to motion and new object onset detection, on the other hand, allows for efficient filtering of dynamic and static information. 相似文献
233.
Melchers KG Ungör M Lachnit H 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》2005,31(4):477-483
Participants were shown A+ and C- trials followed by AB+ and CD+ trials. These trials were embedded in a causal learning task in which participants had to learn either the relationship between different foods and allergic reactions or the relationship between different stocks and an increase in the stock market index. The authors orthogonally varied the manner in which the different cues were presented to participants during training. Cue competition was related to the causal learning scenario but not to the manner in which the different cues were presented. These results question claims of a human bias toward configural processing that were based on difficulties in finding cue competition in some previous causal learning experiments. 相似文献
234.
Pragma-dialectical approaches to legal argumentation seem to be rather different from traditional approaches appealing to
standards of propositional logic. Pragma-dialectical analysis of arguments by analogy and e contrario seem to fall foul to the rigors of logical analysis, in which problems or even concepts of analogy and e contrario seem to
disappear. The brunt of both types of special legal argumentation appears to be borne by often implicit general principles
and an appeal to the system of the law as a whole. Still, pragma-dialectics and logical analysis of legal argument are best
seen as fruitfully supplementing each other in ongoing research of ever evolving legal argument. 相似文献
235.
236.
It is well known that an acoustic-sensory code supports retention of linguistic materials whose storage is particularly based
on phonological information (e.g., unrelated word lists). The present study investigates whether such a code also contributes
to the retention of sentences. It has been shown that short-term sentence recall particularly depends on propositional and
lexicosemantic information, which are assumed to be supplied independently of modality influences. We employed the intrusion
paradigm of Potter and Lombardi (1990) and manipulated the availability of acoustic-sensory information. Participants were
instructed to read sentences either silently or aloud. Since these two reading conditions also differ with respect to articulatory
information, a further condition that provided articulatory but not acoustic-sensory information was introduced (i.e., silent
mouthing). Our data suggest that acoustic-sensory information is used, if available, even in sentence recall. 相似文献
237.
238.
The effect of retraining a damaged connectionist model of single-word reading was investigated with the aim of establishing
whether plasticity-related changes occurring during the recovery process can contribute to our understanding of the pattern
of dissociations found in brain-damaged patients. In particular, we sought to reproduce the strong frequency × consistency
interactions found in surface dyslexia. A replication of Plaut, McClelland, Seidenberg, and Patterson’s (1996) model of word
reading was damaged and then retrained, using a standard backpropagation algorithm. Immediately after damage, there was only
a small frequency × consistency interaction. Retraining the damaged model crystallized out these small differences into a
strong dissociation, very similar to the pattern found in surface dyslexic patients. What is more, the percentage of regularization
errors, always high in surface dyslexics, increased greatly over the retraining period, moving from under 10% to over 80%
in some simulations. These results suggest that the performance patterns of brain-damaged patients can owe as much to the
substantial changes in the pattern of connectivity occurring during recovery as to the original premorbid structure. This
finding is discussed in relation to the traditional cognitive neuropsychological assumptions of subtractivity and transparency. 相似文献
239.
Eva M. Bracht Lucas Monzani Diana Boer S. Alexander Haslam Rudolf Kerschreiter Jérémy E. Lemoine Niklas K. Steffens Serap Arslan Akfirat Lorenzo Avanzi Bita Barghi Kitty Dumont Charlotte M. Edelmann Olga Epitropaki Katrien Fransen Steffen Giessner Ilka H. Gleibs Roberto González Ana Laguía González Jukka Lipponen Yannis Markovits Fernando Molero Juan A. Moriano Pedro Neves Gábor Orosz Christine Roland-Lévy Sebastian C. Schuh Tomoki Sekiguchi Lynda Jiwen Song Joana S. P. Story Jeroen Stouten Srinivasan Tatachari Daniel Valdenegro Lisanne van Bunderen Viktor Vörös Sut I. Wong Farida Youssef Xin-an Zhang Rolf van Dick 《Psychologie appliquee》2023,72(1):348-388
Innovation is considered essential for today's organizations to survive and thrive. Researchers have also stressed the importance of leadership as a driver of followers' innovative work behavior (FIB). Yet, despite a large amount of research, three areas remain understudied: (a) The relative importance of different forms of leadership for FIB; (b) the mechanisms through which leadership impacts FIB; and (c) the degree to which relationships between leadership and FIB are generalizable across cultures. To address these lacunae, we propose an integrated model connecting four types of positive leadership behaviors, two types of identification (as mediating variables), and FIB. We tested our model in a global data set comprising responses of N = 7,225 participants from 23 countries, grouped into nine cultural clusters. Our results indicate that perceived LMX quality was the strongest relative predictor of FIB. Furthermore, the relationships between both perceived LMX quality and identity leadership with FIB were mediated by social identification. The indirect effect of LMX on FIB via social identification was stable across clusters, whereas the indirect effects of the other forms of leadership on FIB via social identification were stronger in countries high versus low on collectivism. Power distance did not influence the relations. 相似文献
240.
Márta Fehér 《国际科学哲学研究》1998,12(3):233-238
This paper deals with Larry Laudan's attack on the symmetry thesis of Bloor's “strong programme”. It will be shown that Laudan's argumentation is fallacious and, therefore, his attempt at refuting the symmetry thesis has failed. 相似文献