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71.
Adriana Galván Agnieszka Spatzier Jaana Juvonen 《Journal of applied developmental psychology》2011,32(6):346
The current study was designed to gain insights into shifting school culture by examining perceived peer group norms and social values across elementary and middle school grades. Perceived norms were assessed by asking participants (N = 605) to estimate how many grade mates were academically engaged, disengaged, and antisocial. To capture social values, peer nominations were used to assess “coolness” associated with these behaviors. Perceived norms became gradually more negative from fall to spring and across grades four to eight. Whereas academic engagement was socially valued in elementary school, negative social and academic behaviors were valued in middle school. Additionally, improved social status was associated with increased academic engagement in fifth grade, disengagement in seventh and eighth grades, and antisocial behavior in sixth grade. The findings suggest that differences between elementary and middle school cultural norms and values may shed light on negative behavior changes associated with the transition to middle school. 相似文献
72.
The transfer of Crel contextual control (same,opposite, less than,more than) through equivalence relations
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William F. Perez Roberta Kovac Yara C. Nico Daniel M. Caro Adriana P. Fidalgo Ila Linares João Henrique de Almeida Júlio C. de Rose 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2017,108(3):318-334
According to Relational Frame Theory (RFT) Crel denotes a contextual stimulus that controls a particular type of relational response (sameness, opposition, comparative, temporal, hierarchical etc.) in a given situation. Previous studies suggest that contextual functions may be indirectly acquired via transfer of function. The present study investigated the transfer of Crel contextual control through equivalence relations. Experiment 1 evaluated the transfer of Crel contextual functions for relational responses based on sameness and opposition. Experiment 2 extended these findings by evaluating transfer of function using comparative Crel stimuli. Both experiments followed a similar sequence of phases. First, abstract forms were established as Crel stimuli via multiple exemplar training (Phase 1). The contextual cues were then applied to establish arbitrary relations among nonsense words and to test derived relations (Phase 2). After that, equivalence relations involving the original Crel stimuli and other abstract forms were trained and tested (Phase 3). Transfer of function was evaluated by replacing the directly established Crel stimuli with their equivalent stimuli in the former experimental tasks (Phases 1 and 2). Results from both experiments suggest that Crel contextual control may be extended via equivalence relations, allowing other arbitrarily related stimuli to indirectly acquire Crel functions and regulate behavior by evoking appropriate relational responses in the presence of both previously known and novel stimuli. 相似文献
73.
Dyadic interactions between 84 at‐risk toddlers and their nondrug‐, polydrug‐non‐cocaine‐, or polydrug‐cocaine‐using mothers were examined during unstructured play. Coded videotaped behaviors revealed two maternal constructs (interactive competence, maladaptive engagement) and three toddler constructs (responsiveness, active positive initiation, play). Cocaine‐using mothers displayed more maladaptive engagement than did prenatal nondrug users; however, poorer interactive competence further distinguished them from polydrug‐but‐noncocaine users. Toddlers of cocaine‐using mothers displayed less responsiveness and positive initiation than non‐drug‐group peers; however, these behaviors did not reliably differ from polydrug‐non‐cocaine counterparts. Play interest remained relatively similar across groups. Results suggest that difficulties in social interaction appear to continue among cocaine‐using mothers during dyadic exchanges with their offspring in the second year; however, toddler deficits do not appear to be greater than those experienced by polydrug‐non‐cocaine counterparts. 相似文献
74.
Lipopolysaccharide-induced experimental immune activation does not impair memory functions in humans
Jan-Sebastian Grigoleit J. Reiner Oberbeck Philipp Lichte Philipp Kobbe Oliver T. Wolf Thomas Montag Adriana del Rey Elke R. Gizewski Harald Engler Manfred Schedlowski 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2010,94(4):561-567
Reconsolidation studies have led to the hypothesis that memory, when labile, would be modified in order to incorporate new information. This view has reinstated original propositions suggesting that short-term memory provides the organism with an opportunity to evaluate and rearrange information before storing it, since it is concurrent with the labile state of consolidation. The Chasmagnathus associative memory model is used here to test whether during consolidation it is possible to change some attribute of recently acquired memories. In addition, it is tested whether these changes in behavioral memory features can be explained as modifications on the consolidating memory trace or as a consequence of a new memory trace. We show that short-term memory is, unlike long-term memory, not context specific. During this short period after learning, behavioral memory can be updated in order to incorporate new contextual information. We found that, during this period, the cycloheximide retrograde amnesic effect can be reverted by a single trial in a new context. Finally, by means of memory sensitivity to cycloheximide during consolidation and reconsolidation, we show that the learning of a new context (CS) during this short-term memory period builds up a new memory trace that sustains the behavioral memory update. 相似文献
75.
Prolonged institutional rearing is associated with atypically large amygdala volume and difficulties in emotion regulation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nim Tottenham Todd A. Hare Brian T. Quinn Thomas W. McCarry Marcella Nurse Tara Gilhooly Alexander Millner Adriana Galvan Matthew C. Davidson Inge-Marie Eigsti Kathleen M. Thomas Peter J. Freed Elizabeth S. Booma Megan R. Gunnar Margaret Altemus Jane Aronson B.J. Casey 《Developmental science》2010,13(1):46-61
Early adversity, for example poor caregiving, can have profound effects on emotional development. Orphanage rearing, even in the best circumstances, lies outside of the bounds of a species-typical caregiving environment. The long-term effects of this early adversity on the neurobiological development associated with socio-emotional behaviors are not well understood. Seventy-eight children, who include those who have experienced orphanage care and a comparison group, were assessed. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to measure volumes of whole brain and limbic structures (e.g. amygdala, hippocampus). Emotion regulation was assessed with an emotional go-nogo paradigm, and anxiety and internalizing behaviors were assessed using the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, the Child Behavior Checklist, and a structured clinical interview. Late adoption was associated with larger corrected amygdala volumes, poorer emotion regulation, and increased anxiety. Although more than 50% of the children who experienced orphanage rearing met criteria for a psychiatric disorder, with a third having an anxiety disorder, the group differences observed in amygdala volume were not driven by the presence of an anxiety disorder. The findings are consistent with previous reports describing negative effects of prolonged orphanage care on emotional behavior and with animal models that show long-term changes in the amygdala and emotional behavior following early postnatal stress. These changes in limbic circuitry may underlie residual emotional and social problems experienced by children who have been internationally adopted. 相似文献
76.
77.
Previous studies have shown that in the so-called opaque languages (those in which spelling does not correspond to pronunciation), there are relatively independent routes for lexical and nonlexical processing, that is, for words and nonwords, both in spoken and in written language. On the other hand, in the so-called transparent languages (those in which pronunciation corresponds to written forms), empirical evidence is scarcer. In this study of a neurological patient (parieto-temporal lesion), speaker of a transparent language (Spanish) showing a specific deficit in nonlexical reading processing, linguistic analysis for words was relatively preserved. This finding suggests the use of various routes in the processing of transparent languages. 相似文献
78.
Adriana Lis Alessandro Zennaro Claudia Mazzeschi Marianna Pinto 《Infant mental health journal》2004,25(2):149-162
Recent reviews on research into fathers consistently have drawn attention to the increased knowledge and thinking of the multifaceted, complex, and changing nature of fathers' role. Paternal involvement has been studied with reference to a number of variables, including personality, attitudes, and family structure. The concept of “understanding mental states” and of mentalization and the notion and working definition of Reflective Self Function, as devised by Fonagy and colleagues, seem to have important implications for paternal and parental involvement, and for normal development of the infant–caretaker relationship. The aim of our research was to broaden current knowledge and thinking about fathering during pregnancy by investigating how 112 prospective fathers are involved in the transition to fatherhood and how they are able to reflect on their experience. Our aim was to identify parental styles according to May's concepts and to rate Reflective Self Function in The Clinical Interview for Parents During Pregnancy [Colloquio per Genitori in Gravidanza (CGG)]. The CGG is a semistructured clinical interview devised with the most recent psychoanalytic views on mental representations taken into account and is aimed at investigating feelings and attitudes toward the baby, the couple's inner and subjective world. Our results highlighted the complexity of paternal involvement in pregnancy and its relation with Reflective Self Function. Specific relations also were found between Reflective Self Function and the three styles of detachment/involvement identified by May. ©2004 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health. 相似文献
79.
Gayla Margolin Katrina A. Vickerman Michelle C. Ramos Sarah Duman Serrano Elana B. Gordis Esti Iturralde Pamella H. Oliver Lauren A. Spies 《Clinical child and family psychology review》2009,12(1):39-54
With considerable literature establishing how separate types of violence disrupt the lives of children, there is emerging
interest in examining violence across multiple interpersonal domains. This article examines four commonly occurring and frequently
researched domains of violence exposure: marital physical aggression, mother-to-youth aggression, father-to-youth aggression,
and community violence. A community-based sample of 103 parents and youth provided three waves of data at annual intervals
beginning when the youth were aged 9–10. We explored stability of exposure, co-occurrence across different types of violence
exposure, and associations with co-occurring risk factors. Approximately 30–45% of youth reported intermittent exposure over
the 3 years. In addition to overlap among types of violence exposure within the family, we found overlap between parent-to-youth
aggression and community violence, an association that was exacerbated in families where fathers reported high levels of global
distress symptoms. Mother-to-youth, father-to-youth, and community violence related to youth behavior problems beyond the
contextual risk factors of low income, stressful life events, and parents’ global distress symptoms. These results highlight
the importance of examining violence longitudinally, across multiple types, and with attention to contextual factors. 相似文献
80.
Incest has been documented in most civilizations and for as long as can be remembered. This article begins with a brief historical overview of incest across cultures and times. The second part includes a review of several theories that place the significance of the incest taboo in an historical continuum. 相似文献