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161.
Wayne W. Wilkinson 《Sex roles》2008,59(7-8):512-520
There has been relatively little research on heterosexuals’ attitudes toward lesbians that has utilized the considerable amount of feminist scholarship on the topic. The present study examined an explanatory paradigm derived from Pharr (Homophobia: A weapon of sexism, Chardon, Inverness, CA, USA, 1988) that considers defined norm, sexism, economic beliefs, and attitudes toward institutional violence to be associated with anti-lesbian attitudes. Using data from 365 heterosexual undergraduates from the Midwestern USA, the results of a structural equation modeling analysis found support for Pharr’s paradigm and suggest several directions for future research on anti-lesbian attitudes. 相似文献
162.
In this study, 185 British and 143 American undergraduates completed a battery of tests that measured attitudes toward animal testing and various individual difference variables. Attitudes toward animal testing factored into two interpretable factors: general attitudes toward animal testing, and animal welfare and conditions of testing. Overall, there was support for animal testing under the right conditions, although there was also concern for the welfare of animals and the conditions under which testing takes place. There were small but significant national difference on both factors (with Americans more positive about testing and less positive about animal welfare), and a significant sex difference on the first factor (women were more negative about testing). Correlation and regression analyses showed that there were few significant individual difference predictors of both factors. These results are discussed in relation to past and future work on attitudes toward animal testing. 相似文献
163.
While significant heritability for childhood aggression has been claimed, it is not known whether there are differential genetic
and environmental contributions to proactive and reactive forms of aggression in children. This study quantifies genetic and
environmental contributions to these two forms of aggression in an ethnically diverse urban sample of 9–10 year old twins
(N = 1219), and compares results across different informants (child self-report, mother, and teacher ratings) using the Reactive–Proactive
Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ). Confirmatory factor analysis of RPQ items indicated a significant and strong fit for a two-factor
proactive–reactive model which was significantly superior to a one-factor model and which replicated across gender as well
as the three informant sources. Males scored significantly higher than females on both self-report reactive and proactive
aggression, findings that replicated on mother and teacher versions of the RPQ. Asian–Americans scored lower than most ethnic
groups on reactive aggression yet were equivalent to Caucasians on proactive aggression. African–Americans scored higher than
other ethnic groups on all measures of aggression except caregiver reports. Heritable influences were found for both forms
of aggression across informants, but while boys’ self-reports revealed genetic influences on proactive (50%) and reactive
(38%) aggression, shared and non-shared environmental influences almost entirely accounted for girls’ self-report reactive
and proactive aggression. Although genetic correlations between reactive and proactive aggression were significant across
informants, there was evidence that the genetic correlation was less than unity in boys self reported aggression, indicating
that genetic factors differ for proactive and reactive aggression. These findings provide the first evidence for varying genetic
and environmental etiologies for reactive and proactive aggression across gender, and provide additional support for distinction
between these two forms of aggression. 相似文献
164.
While well-established attachment measures have been developed for infancy, early childhood, and adulthood, a "measurement gap" has been identified in middle childhood, where behavioral or representational measures are not yet sufficiently robust. This article documents the development of a new measure--the Child Attachment Interview (CAI)--which seeks to bridge this gap. The CAI is a semistructured interview, in which children are invited to describe their relationships with their primary caregivers. The coding system is informed by the Adult Attachment Interview and the Strange Situation Procedure, and produces 4 attachment categories along with a continuous measure of attachment security based on ratings of attachment-related dimensions. The main psychometric properties are presented, including interrater reliability, test-retest reliability, and concurrent and discriminant validities, both for normally developing children and for those referred for mental health treatment. The CAI correlates as expected with other attachment measures and predicts independently collected ratings of social functioning. The findings suggest that the CAI is a reliable, valid, and promising measure of child-parent attachment in middle childhood. Directions for improvements to the coding system are discussed. 相似文献
165.
Adrian Furnham Troy Jensen John Crump 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》2008,16(4):356-365
Just under 3000 middle managers were rated on seven dimensions/competencies by consultants after a 1‐day assessment centre and structured interview. They also completed two cognitive ability tests and two well‐established personality tests (NEO PI‐R; MBTI). Correlational analysis showed that the rated dimensions of ‘drive to achieve’, ‘internal locus of control’ and ‘resilience’ all modestly negatively correlated with Neuroticism. All seven ratings were significantly correlated with Extraversion and three each with Openness and Agreeableness. There were few significant correlations with the MBTI but the Thinking–Feeling dimension correlated significantly with combined ratings. Correlations with the intelligence test scores were mostly non‐significant. The seven ratings factored into three identifiable factors: labelled personal assertiveness, toughness and determination and curiosity. Regressions using both a total, overall computed rating of general aptitude, as well as the three scores as criterion variables and ability, personality, participant‐gender and management level as predictor variables demonstrated that they accounted for between a quarter and a third of the variance. Predictors varied considerably as a function of the different criteria measures but ability and gender accounted for little of the variance. 相似文献
166.
With the increasing popularity in the use of brain imaging on antisocial individuals, an increasing number of brain imaging studies have revealed structural and functional impairments in antisocial, psychopathic, and violent individuals. This review summarizes key findings from brain imaging studies on antisocial/aggressive behavior. Key regions commonly found to be impaired in antisocial populations include the prefrontal cortex (particularly orbitofrontal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), superior temporal gyrus, amygdala-hippocampal complex, and anterior cingulate cortex. Key functions of these regions are reviewed to provide a better understanding on how deficits in these regions may predispose to antisocial behavior. Objections to the use of imaging findings in a legal context are outlined, and alternative perspectives raised. It is argued that brain dysfunction is a risk factor for antisocial behavior and that it is likely that imaging will play an increasing (albeit limited) role in legal decision-making. 相似文献
167.
Nicola S. Schutte John M. Malouff Ian Price Samantha Walter Greg Burke Catherine Wilkinson 《Current Psychology》2008,27(2):102-111
Two studies applied a person–situation model to examine the effect of emotional affordances of situations. Participants rated
their emotional functioning as more extensive in situations classified as being high in emotional affordance than those classified
as low in emotional affordance. Participants who scored higher on the individual difference characteristic of emotional intelligence
were more interested in entering high emotional affordance situations than were individuals lower in emotional intelligence,
and participants who scored higher on emotional intelligence were rated by others as being more successful in high emotional
affordance situations than individuals lower in emotional intelligence. These results provide preliminary evidence that the
interaction between emotional intelligence and situations may influence emotional functioning. 相似文献
168.
Franciska Krings Adrian Bangerter Veronica Gomez Alexander Grob 《Journal of Adult Development》2008,15(2):93-105
This study investigated the influence of changing socio-historical conditions on personal goals in young adulthood. It was
hypothesized that socio-historical changes related to individualization have resulted in shifts in goal pursuit. Participants
from three birth cohorts reconstructed their important goals when they were 20 years old. Members of the oldest cohort were
born between 1920 and 1925. Members of the middle cohort were born between 1945 and 1950. Members of the youngest cohort were
born between 1970 and 1975. Goal content, the degree to which goals were perceived as being shared by members of the same
cohort (social sharedness), perceived control over goal attainment, success in attainment, and life satisfaction at age 25
were measured in a retrospective study. Results show consistent shifts over time. Whereas members of older cohorts mentioned
goals related to classical developmental tasks, members of younger cohorts mentioned more individualistic, self-related goals
and goals related to education. The processes through which goal pursuit influenced life satisfaction also changed. Perceived
social sharedness of goals was a direct predictor of life satisfaction for the oldest cohort. For the younger cohorts, perceived
control over goal attainment influenced success which in turn influenced life satisfaction. These changes support the contention
that developmental tasks and processes are historically variant. 相似文献
169.
Swami V Furnham A Amin R Chaudhri J Joshi K Jundi S Miller R Mirza-Begum J Begum FN Sheth P Tovée MJ 《The Journal of social psychology》2008,148(5):577-593
The authors conducted 2 studies to examine the stigmatization of the female and male body using photographic stimuli of real people. In the first study, 75 female and 55 male undergraduates rated a series of 50 photographs of women ranging in body mass index (BMI) on 3 items: gets teased, lonely, and lazy. Both male and female observers rated bodies on either side of BMI 19-20 kg/m2 higher for the gets teased and lonely items. For the lazy item, there was a clear pattern of greater stigmatization with increasing BMI. In the second study, 40 male and 40 female observers rated a series of photographs of the male body that varied in BMI and waist-to-chest ratio on the same items. Results showed that men and women judged overweight and more tubular men to be lazier, lonelier, and teased. These findings suggest that body size is an important characteristic to consider when examining body stigmatization among men and women. These results also show support for the beautiful-is-good bias. 相似文献
170.
Adrian Voßkühler Volkhard Nordmeier Lars Kuchinke Arthur M. Jacobs 《Behavior research methods》2008,40(4):1150-1162
In the present article, a new software is introduced that allows the recording and analyzing of eye- and mouse-tracking data
from slideshow-based experiments in parallel. The Open Gaze and Mouse Analyzer (OGAMA) is written in C#.NET and has been released
as an open-source project. Its main features include slide-show design, the recording of gaze and mouse data, database-driven
preprocessing and filtering of gaze and mouse data, the creation of attention maps, areas-of-interest definition, and replay.
Eyetracking and/or presentation soft- and hardware recordings in ASCII format can be imported. Data output is provided that
can be used directly with different statistical software packages. Because it is open source, one can easily adapt it to suit
one’s needs. 相似文献