Trait emotional intelligence: behavioural validation in two studies of emotion recognition and reactivity to mood induction

This paper presents two experiments concerning trait emotional intelligence (‘trait EI’). In study 1, ten high and ten low trait EI individuals were selected from a sample of 85 persons to participate in a computerized experiment involving the recognition of morphed emotional expressions. As hypothesized, high trait EI participants were faster at identifying the expressions than their low trait EI counterparts. In study 2, trait EI scores from 102 persons were residualized on the Big Five and subsequently 15 high and 15 low trait EI individuals were selected to participate in a mood induction experiment. As hypothesized, high trait EI participants exhibited greater sensitivity to the mood induction procedure than their low trait EI counterparts. The findings are discussed in terms of the construct validity of trait EI, with particular emphasis on the issue of incremental validity vis‐à‐vis broad personality traits. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modulation of cognitive flexibility by hunger and desire

Knowing when to persevere with a plan and knowing when to ditch it and change strategy is highly adaptive and breaks down in several frontal and striatal disorders. Cognitive flexibility is also susceptible to tonic influences of neuromodulators (such as dopamine) and so may be influenced by everyday fluctuations in processes known to depend upon them (such as motivation). The current study employed an attentional shifting paradigm to examine the influence of changes in food-related motivational state in healthy volunteers. Hunger was induced through fasting (physiological manipulation) or through the presentation of appetitive food cues prior to testing (desire manipulation). The desire manipulation produced a stronger effect than fasting by inducing errors when participants were attempting to shift. The results suggest that everyday fluctuations in appetite and desire can produce a significant impact on cognition, highlighting implications for our understanding of excessive motivational control including maladaptive eating behaviour.     

The problem of unconsciousness in qualitative research

Although reflexivity is critical to the practice of qualitative research, the problem of unconsciousness seems to stand in its way. If aspects of lived experience are unconscious to an engaged participant, then how can one become reflexive? This paradox, and the problems it poses for qualitative research, are discussed. Varying conceptualisations of unconsciousness are presented. Unconsciousness can be understood as revealed through language, as primarily non-verbal, or as ultimately irrelevant to human experience. In addition, the source of unconscious material can be conceptualised as internal and subjective, or as contextual and direcdy observable. From these assumptions follow diverse approaches to qualitative research. If unconsciousness is structured via language, then research must focus on the words through which participants describe their experience. If, however, unconsciousness is distinct from language, then qualitative methods must incorporate non-verbal data. The presumed locus of unconsciousness will also affect one's research methods. Internal explanations require querying the subject, and external explanations entail scrutinising context. Examples of qualitative methods and the diverse approaches from which they proceed are presented It is argued that reflexivity demands scrutiny and articulation of the verbal, non-verbal and contextual components that define a particular research project. The author details his own experiences in this regard, and outlines areas in need of further methodological development.     

Improvements to Suicide Prevention Training for Prison Staff in England and Wales

Suicide prevention training for the prison service in England and Wales has been criticized. STORM is a package emphasizing the practice and review of interactions with suicidal persons and was evaluated in a pilot study for use in prisons. Trainees completed questionnaires immediately before and after training and at 6 to 8 months follow‐up. Training significantly improved attitudes, knowledge, and confidence, and improvements were maintained at follow‐up. Satisfaction with training was very high. STORM was successfully adapted for prison settings, and showed good effects among staff trained. It should be provided to the wider prison estate, with regular refresher training.     

Sex Differences in Parental Estimates of Their Children's Intelligence

A series of previous studies with studentparticipants has shown that females' self-IQ estimatesare significantly lower than those of males. In thisstudy, 184 mostly white British adults estimated their own IQ and that of their children. The resultswere in line with previous studies, in that males ratedtheir IQ higher than females (108 vs. 104). Both sexesrated their male children higher than their female children (109 vs. 102). Males tendedmore than females to believe there is a greaterdifference between the intelligence of female and malechildren, but this was not significant. Results wereconsidered in terms of the current sociobiological andsociocultural explanations for sex differences inability.     

Chlordiazepoxide-induced working memory impairments: site specificity and reversal by flumazenil (RO15-1788).

The following studies examined the dose and time dependence, site specificity, and reversibility of chlordiazepoxide (CDP)-induced working memory impairments in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were tested in a delayed non-match-to-sample radial-arm maze task in which a 1-h delay was imposed between the first four (predelay) and all subsequent (postdelay) arm choices. Intraperitoneal (ip) injection of 2.5 or 5.0 but not 1.25 mg/kg CDP immediately following the predelay session impaired performance in the task. CDP increased the number of errors and decreased the number of correct choices during the postdelay session. The observed working memory impairments also appeared to be site specific since injection of CDP into the medial septum, but not into the anterior amygdala nuclei, immediately following the predelay session also impaired working memory in a dose-related manner. Furthermore, there was a time window for CDP-induced working memory impairments since intraseptal injection of the drug immediately but not 15 min following the predelay session disrupted memory. This observation suggests that the performance deficits reflect disrupted working memory and not proactive effects on performance or the induction of state-dependent learning. In the final experiment, rats were injected ip with either saline or an amnestic dose of CDP (5.0 mg/kg) following the predelay session and then were immediately infused with 10 nmol flumazenil (RO15-1788), a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist or vehicle, into either the medial septum or anterior nuclei of the amygdala. Intraseptal injection of flumazenil prevented the working memory impairments produced by ip injection of CDP. In contrast, intra-amygdala injection of flumazenil did not attenuate, enhance, or modify the CDP-induced working memory impairment. These observations suggest that CDP disrupts working memory by interacting with benzodiazepine receptors in the medial septum.