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271.
Ellen M. Migo Adrian Roper Daniela Montaldi Andrew R. Mayes 《Behavior research methods》2010,42(2):470-473
Word stem completion tasks involve showing participants a number of words and then later asking them to complete word stems
to make a full word. If the stem is completed with one of the studied words, it indicates memory. It is a test widely used
to assess both implicit and explicit forms of memory. An important aspect of stimulus selection is that target words should
not frequently be generated spontaneously from the word stem, to ensure that production of the word really represents memory.
In this article, we present a database of spontaneous stem completion rates for 395 stems from a group of 80 British undergraduate
psychology students. It includes information on other characteristics of the words (word frequency, concreteness, imageability,
age of acquisition, common part of speech, and number of letters) and, as such, can be used to select suitable words to include
in a stem completion task. Supplemental materials for this article may be downloaded from http://brm .psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
272.
A growing number of studies have reported a link between gambling and aggressive behaviour. The aim of this study was to contextualize objective findings of a previous observational study regarding slot machine gambling and aggressive behaviour (Parke & Griffiths, Psychological Reports, 95, 109–114, 2004). Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was applied using the Idiographic Case Study method. The data revealed three superordinate themes regarding slot machine gambling‐induced aggression (i.e. Competitive Advantage Reduction, Self‐esteem Reduction, and Cognitive Regret). Within these superordinate themes, subordinate themes emerged identifying how environmental factors and structural characteristics of slot machine gambling, along with the consequences of losing, produced aggressive behaviour. It is concluded that gambling‐induced aggression is a manifestation of the underlying conflict of engaging in dysfunctional behaviour while consciously acknowledging its detrimental effects. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
273.
Adrian Bardon 《Philosophia》2005,33(1-4):69-95
‘Performative’ transcendental arguments exploit the status of a subcategory of self-falsifying propositions in showing that
some form of skepticism is unsustainable. The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between performatively inconsistent
propositions and transcendental arguments, and then to compare performative transcendental arguments to modest transcendental
arguments that seek only to establish the indispensability of some belief or conceptual framework. Reconceptualizing transcendental
arguments as performative helps focus the intended dilemma for the skeptic: performative transcendental arguments directly
confront the skeptic with the choice of abandoning either skepticism or some other deep theoretical commitment.
Many philosophers, from Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas to Jaakko Hintikka, C.I. Lewis, and Bernard Lonergan, have claimed
that some skeptical propositions regarding knowledge, reason, and/or morality can be shown to be self-defeating; that is to
say, they have claimed that the very upholding of some skeptical position is in some way incompatible with the position being
upheld, or with the implied, broader dialectical position of the skeptic in question. Statements or propositions alleged to
have this characteristic also sometimes are called ‘self-falsifying,’ ‘self-refuting,’ ‘self-stultifying,’ ‘self-destructive,’
or ‘pointless.’ However, proponents of the strategy of showing skepticism to be self-defeating have not in general adequately
distinguished between two types of self-defeating proposition: self-falsifying and self-stultifying. In the first part of
this paper I distinguish between self-falsifying and self-stultifying propositions, and introduce the notion of performative
self-falsification. In the second part I discuss classical transcendental arguments, ‘modest’ transcendental arguments, and
objections to each. In the third part I introduce two types of transcendental argument—each labeled “performative”—corresponding
to two types of performatively self-falsifying proposition, and I compare them to modest transcendental arguments. 相似文献
274.
Adrian Furnham Joanna Moutafi Tomas Chamorro‐Premuzic 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》2005,13(1):11-24
This paper reports on two studies that investigated the relationship between the Big Five personality traits, self‐estimates of intelligence (SEI), and scores on two psychometrically validated intelligence tests. In study 1 a total of 100 participants completed the NEO‐PI‐R, the Wonderlic Personnel Test and the Baddeley Reasoning Test, and estimated their own intelligence on a normal distribution curve. Multiple regression showed that psychometric intelligence was predicted by Conscientiousness and SEI, while SEI was predicted by gender, Neuroticism (notably anxiety) and Agreeableness (notably modesty). Personality was a better predictor of SEI than of psychometric intelligence itself. Study 2 attempted to explore the relationship between SEI and psychometric intelligence. A total of 130 participants completed the NEO‐PI‐R, the Baddeley Reasoning Test, and the S & M Spatial intelligence test. In addition, SEI and participants conceptions of intelligence were also examined. In combination with gender and previous IQ test experience, these variables were found to predict about 11% of the variance in SEI. SEI was the only significant predictor of psychometrically measured intelligence. Inconsistencies between results of the two studies, theoretical and applied implications, and limitations of this work are discussed. 相似文献
275.
Body mass index (BMI) and body shape as measured by the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) have been reported to be the major cues to
women's bodily attractiveness. The relative importance of each of these cues was examined cross-culturally in two distinct
countries, Greece and Britain. Fifty Britons, 25 British-Greeks, and 25 participants in Greece were asked to rate a set of
images of real women with known BMI and WHR. The results showed that, regardless of the cultural setting, BMI is the primary
determinant of women's physical attractiveness, whereas WHR emerged as a significant predictor for the Greek groups but not
the British group. This finding is discussed in terms of the different gender roles occupied by Britons and Greeks. The discussion
critically evaluates evolutionary psychological and sociocultural explanations of preferences for body weight. 相似文献
276.
The authors tested two interventions to improve retirement savings investment decisions. In an incentive‐compatible experiment, 459 participants engaged in a task simulating their working life. Periodically during the simulation, participants chose between different investment options. The authors examined the effectiveness of a “nudge” by manipulating the default option and the effectiveness of a “signpost” by manipulating the display of a pictograph summarizing the expected return of each option. Participants often followed the default option, particularly when it was “smart” (i.e., became more conservative as retirement approached) and when presented together with dynamic pictographs (i.e., updated each year assuming the investment was held until retirement). Those most likely to make optimal choices (i.e., consistent with the life cycle model) were presented with a smart default or dynamic pictographs. These findings reveal how different choice architecture interventions can be used to positively influence behavior. Retirement funds and regulators can support retirement savings decisions by the provision of smart defaults and better risk information in the form of pictographs. 相似文献
277.
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review - We tested whether failure to notice repetitions of function words during reading (e.g., Amanda jumped off the the swing and landed on her feet.) is due to the... 相似文献
278.
279.
This study examines the potential impact of family conflict and cohesion, and peer support/bullying on children with autism
spectrum disorder (ASD). While such impacts have been established for a range of non-ASD childhood disorders, these findings
may not generalize to children with ASD because of unique problems in perspective-taking, understanding others’ emotion, cognitive
rigidity, and social reasoning. A structural model-building approach was used to test the extent to which family and peer
variables directly or indirectly affected ASD via child anxiety/depression. The sample (N = 322) consisted of parents of children with ASD referred to two specialist clinics. The sample contained parents of children
with Autistic Disorder (n = 76), Asperger Disorder (n = 188), Pervasive Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (n = 21), and children with a non-ASD or no diagnosis (n = 37). Parents completed questionnaires on-line via a secure website. The key findings were that anxiety/depression and ASD
symptomatology were significantly related, and family conflict was more predictive of ASD symptomatology than positive family/peer
influences. The results point to the utility of expanding interventions to include conflict management for couples, even when
conflict and family distress is low. Further research is needed on the potentially different meanings of family cohesion and
conflict for children with ASD relative to children without ASD. 相似文献
280.
The own-race advantage in face recognition has been hypothesized as being due to a superiority in the processing of configural information for own-race faces. Here we examined the contributions of both configural and component processing to the own-race advantage. We recruited 48 Caucasian participants in Australia and 48 Chinese participants in Hong Kong, and had them study Caucasian and Chinese faces. After study, they were shown old faces (along with distractors) that were either blurred (isolating configural processing), in which high spatial frequencies were removed from the intact faces, or scrambled (isolating component processing), in which the locations of all face components were rearranged. Participants performed better on the memory test for own-race faces in both the blurred (configural) and scrambled (component) conditions, showing an own-race advantage for both configural and component processing. These results suggest that the own-race advantage in face recognition is due to a general facilitation in different forms of face processing. 相似文献