产前超声检查先天畸形的几点哲学思考

产前超声检查先天畸形是指在妊娠期应用超声检查技术检测母体内胎儿是否存在先天畸形,是产前诊断先天畸形的有效手段之一。本文从医学和哲学的角度对产前超声检查先天畸形的时间观、动态观、整体观以及超声检查先天畸形的相关伦理问题、规范性和局限性进行综合分析。     

Can exocentric direction be dissociated from its exocentric distance in virtual environments?

We conducted two psychophysical experiments to investigate the relationship between processing mechanisms for exocentric distance and direction. In the first experiment, the task was to discriminate exocentric distances. In the second one, the task was to discriminate exocentric directions. The individual effects of distance and direction on each task were dissociated by analyzing their corresponding psychophysical functions. Under stereoscopic-viewing conditions, distance judgments of exocentric intervals were not affected by exocentric direction. However, direction judgments were influenced by the distance between the pair of stimuli. Therefore, themechanism processing exocentric direction is dependent on exocentric distance, but the mechanism processing exocentric distance does not require exocentric direction measures. As a result, we suggest that exocentric distanceand directionare hierarchically processed, with distance preceding direction. Alternatively, and more probably, a necessary condition for processing the exocentric direction between two stimuli may be to know the location of each of them.     

Convergent and discriminant validity of three measures of stage of change

The University of Rhode Island Change Assessment (E. A. McConnaughy, J. O. Prochaska, & W. F. Velicer, 1983), the Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale (W. R. Miller & J. S. Tonigan, 1996), and the Readiness to Change Questionnaire (S. Rollnick, N. Heather, R. Gold, & W. Hall, 1992) are commonly used multidimensional measures of stage of change. The authors examined the convergent and discriminant validity of drug-use versions of these 3 measures through multitrait-multimethod analysis in a population of indigent, out-of-treatment drug users (N = 377). Agreement in stage-of-change assignment and the relationship between stage of change and drug-use behaviors were also examined. Confirmatory factor analysis suggests that the Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale may have questionable convergent validity with the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment and Readiness to Change Questionnaire. There was moderate agreement in stage assignment. Analysis of behavior did provide some support for the construct validity of the measures. The results suggest that these drug-use stage-of-change measures may not be equivalent.     

内隐利他行为的实验研究

本实验采用外显的提名法和内隐联结测验(IAT),考察了初中生利他行为的外显和内隐行为.发现,个体的利他行为表现出自动化特征;内隐利他倾向和外显利他行为之间不存在相关;内隐利他倾向不存在性别差异.结合相关理论,本研究认为,利他行为具有内隐性或无意识性.     

Transnational grandparenting: Child care arrangements among migrants from the People’s Republic of China to Australia

This article examines child care arrangements in a group of 40 recent Chinese migrants to Australia. A pattern of child care has emerged that is summarized as “transnational grandparenting.” This pattern is related to gender ideology and gender role performances that migrants brought with them from the People’s Republic of China. It also relates to barriers migrants face in a new country as well as cultural differences in family values and kinship relations. The significance of transnational grandparenting is multifaceted. It is neither traditional nor modern, but a practice that migrants adopt to meet the needs of families. It has social and cultural implications beyond its immediate aid.     

Friend or foe? Evidence that anxious people are better at distinguishing targets from non‐targets

Armed conflict necessitates the ability to quickly distinguish friend from foe. Failure to make accurate shooting decisions may result in harm either to oneself or to innocent others. The factors that predict such rapid decision making, however, remain unclear. Based on social defense theory, we contend that people high on attachment anxiety possess characteristics that are particularly advantageous in this domain such that anxiously attached individuals will show greater vigilance and accuracy in a realistic shooting paradigm in which they must quickly distinguish between militants (people holding a gun) and innocents (people holding an item with the same color and shape as a gun—Coca‐Cola bottle, black wallet, and black mobile phone). Using signal detection theory algorithms, we calculated sensitivity in performing the behavioral shooting task [D_(prime)]. Results indicate that as expected, anxious people demonstrated significantly better shooting accuracy. Implication for contemporary violent conflict is discussed.     

The Effects of Programme Context on Memory for Humorous Television Commercials

This study investigated the effects of programme context on memory for humorous television advertisements in South Korean participants. Humorous and nonhumorous Korean advertisements were embedded within two programme contexts: humorous and nonhumorous. When the programme ratings of humour, enjoyment and involvement were higher, unaided recall was poorer. In addition, unaided recall of the advertisements was better when they were embedded within a nonhumorous programme. However, there was no significant programme‐advertisement interaction effect. Overall, both free and cued recall were higher for humorous advertisements than for the nonhumorous advertisements. The findings are discussed in terms of cultural differences and changes in television programmes and advertising over time.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

(Dis)agreement with the Implementation of Humanitarian Policy Measures Towards Asylum Seekers in Israel: Does the Frame Matter?

This study investigates emerging public attitudes about the implementation of humanitarian policy measures towards asylum seekers among the Jewish population in Israel. It specifically asks whether the way asylum seekers in Israel are framed informs the process of attitude formation in the Jewish Israeli public. To answer this question, we measure the extent to which the frame “infiltrators” as opposed to the frame “asylum seekers” positively predicts the rejection of humanitarian policy measures toward asylum seekers. Following framing theory, we also propose that the framing effect depends on the respondents’ perceived levels of threat by asylum seekers, and on their political identification. In line with our hypothesis, the findings indicate that the effect of the framing on the rejection of humanitarian policy measures decreases with increasing levels of threat. Although the framing effect on the rejection of humanitarian policy measures towards asylum seekers is somewhat weaker among respondents with a right-wing political identification, the differences between these and other respondents are not significant.     

儿童早期精细动作技能与认知发展的关系

精细动作技能指个体主要凭借手以及手指等部位的小肌肉或小肌肉群而产生的运动, 它可以为个体提供认知经验, 丰富认知对象, 进而促进个体对事物本质的认识。当个体需要将认知资源-注意在两个或多个任务之间进行分配时, 熟练的精细动作可以节省注意资源, 为高级的认知任务更好地服务; 精细动作与认知在发展中不断相互促进, 有些动作是某些认知习得或认知练习的先决条件; 精细动作技能可以预测小学低年级的学业成绩, 尤其是阅读和数学成绩。精细动作技能和认知发展的关系具有大脑神经发育基础, 它们在某种程度上共享相同的脑区, 如小脑和前额叶。因此, 某些认知损伤的病症可以通过精细动作的训练而得到改善和治疗。     

心理健康双因素模型在大学生及其心理素质中的有效性研究

采用大学生心理素质量表、一般健康量表、生活满意度量表、快乐感量表进行问卷调查,检验西方学者提出的心理健康双因素模型(DFM)在中国大学生及其心理素质中的有效性。结果发现： ⑴心理健康两维结构的拟合指数优于单维结构;⑵DFM成功地将中国大学生划分为了完全心理健康、部分心理健康、部分病态、完全病态四种类型,并在年级的分布上存在显著差异;⑶心理素质水平在四种心理健康状态上存在显著差异;⑷心理素质对积极心理健康的发展性功能相比对消极心理健康的治疗性功能更为突出。研究表明,DFM与中国学者提出的心理素质与心理健康关系模型理论存在相互支持。