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931.
Data from a community-based prospective longitudinal study were used to investigate the utility of a structured assessment of the DSM-IV General Diagnostic Criteria for a Personality Disorder (PD). The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV PDs (SCID-II) was administered to 154 adults. After completing the interview, an experienced clinician assessed the General Diagnostic Criteria for a PD using a structured rating scale. PD diagnoses, based solely on the rating scale data, demonstrated strong agreement with diagnoses obtained using the diagnostic thresholds for specific PDs (Kappa = 0.89). The sensitivity, specificity, predictive power, and internal reliability of the rating scale were satisfactory. PD diagnoses, based on both of the assessment procedures, were associated with substantial impairment and distress. These findings suggest that a structured assessment of the DSM-IV General Diagnostic Criteria for a Personality Disorder may constitute a useful alternative or supplement to standard assessments of the diagnostic thresholds for specific DSM-IV PDs. 相似文献
932.
Catherine M Jordan Andrea L Johnson Steven J Hughes Elsa G Shapiro 《Child neuropsychology》2008,14(1):21-41
Few methods exist to measure declarative (explicit) memory in children during the toddler and preschool stages of development. We report the development and psychometric properties of a new measure of declarative memory for this age group, the Color Object Association Test (COAT). In pilot testing and large scale application of the test, the COAT was demonstrated to be a reliable and a valid measure of declarative memory for healthy children ages 18-36 months, living in a disadvantaged community. The test shows a linear developmental trajectory, which allows longitudinal examination of the development of declarative memory in children. 相似文献
933.
There is now general consensus that infants can use several different visual properties as the basis for categorization. Nonetheless, little is known about when and whether infants can be guided by contextual information to select the relevant properties from amongst those available to them. We show here that by 10 months of age infants can be biased, through observational learning, to use one or the other of two object properties for classification. Two groups of infants watched an actress classifying objects by either shape (the Shape group) or surface pattern (the Pattern group). When subsequently presented with two test trials which contradicted either one or the other of the classification rules, infants in the two groups looked longer to the classification event that was incompatible with the rule that group had been familiarized to. These results are discussed with reference to the development of selective feature processing in infancy. 相似文献
934.
James Turner Johnson 《The Journal of religious ethics》2008,36(4):543-556
What is, or should be, the role of defense in thinking about the justification of use of armed force? Contemporary just war thinking prioritizes defense as the principal, and perhaps the only, just cause for resorting to armed force. By contrast, classic just war tradition, while recognizing defense as justification for use of force by private persons, did not reason from self‐defense to the justification of the use of force on behalf of the political community, but instead rendered the idea of just cause for resort to force in terms of the sovereign's responsibility to maintain justice, vindicating those who had suffered from injustice and punishing evildoers. This paper moves through three major stages in the historical development of just war thinking, first examining a critical phase in the formation of the classical idea of just cause as the responsibility to maintain justice, then discussing the shift, characteristic of the modern period, to an idea of sovereignty as connected to the state and the prioritization of defense of the state as just cause for use of force, and lastly showing how this conception of the priority of defense became part of the recovery of just war thinking in the latter part of the twentieth century. The paper concludes by noting recent changes in thought on international law that tend to emphasize justice at the expense of the right of self‐defense, suggesting that the roots of just war thinking imply the need for a similar rethinking of contemporary just war discourse. 相似文献
935.
Fabry disease is a multi-systemic X-linked genetic disorder which has progressive and deadly consequences for those it afflicts.
Fabry disease symptoms are widely recognized as a substantive burden for affected males. In comparison, female heterozygotes
have traditionally been viewed as relatively symptom-free, though a debate continues about whether and how much they suffer
with the disease. Previous research suggests that females with Fabry disease may be triply disadvantaged in healthcare settings
owing to: (1) disease rarity, (2) devalued carrier status, and (3) gender. The combined effects of these three factors suggest
that female heterozygotes may suffer substantially with Fabry disease symptoms. A qualitative analysis of a brief disease-specific
questionnaire provides supportive evidence. The female Fabry disease participants described experiencing significant symptoms
that interfered with their lives. They also described unsatisfying experiences with healthcare professionals related to disease
rarity, carrier status, and gender. The results of this study corroborate the suggestion that this triple disadvantage exists
and may preclude appropriate management and treatment of females with Fabry disease. The role of healthcare professionals,
including genetic counselors, in remedying this disadvantage is reviewed. 相似文献
936.
Expressed emotion (EE) is a robust predictor of outcome in bipolar disorder. Despite decades of research, interventions to reduce EE levels have had only modest effects. This study used an expanded model of EE to develop an intervention. Research has demonstrated a strong link between attributions and EE in families of patients with psychiatric disorders. There is also substantial research to suggest that anger can drive blaming attributions. Combining these ideas, this study built on previous psychoeducation interventions through the addition of an acceptance component designed to decrease anger and blaming attributions among family members of those with bipolar disorder. Twenty-eight family members attended a 1-day or 2-evening multifamily group workshop and completed a follow-up assessment 1 week later. At follow-up, participants demonstrated more knowledge about bipolar disorder. Anger, blaming attributions, and number of criticisms remained unchanged. Results of this study are consistent with others in that it is difficult to change EE. Implications for future clinical research in this area are addressed. 相似文献
937.
Livia L. Gilstrap Cindy Laub Elizabeth A. Zierten Katrin U. Mueller‐Johnson 《Journal of applied social psychology》2008,38(7):1905-1920
The purpose of the present study was to contrast the effects of children's response consistency and adult leading questions in a structured memory interview. Children (N = 70) who viewed a 2‐min video clip were asked 3 questions (leading, misleading, and neutral) related to the video. Children's responses (assent vs. deny) were predicted by the type of question asked by the adult (neutral, leading, and misleading), but not by the previous response given by the child or the child's age in months. Specifically, children assented the least often to misleading questions. Accuracy was predicted by both question type and in the last question–answer pair, children's previous response accuracy. These findings are discussed with relation to interview dynamics. 相似文献
938.
Relations Among Ethnicity, Gender, Beliefs, Attitudes, and Intention to Pursue a Career in Information Technology 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Richard D. Johnson Dianna L. Stone T. Nichole Phillips 《Journal of applied social psychology》2008,38(4):999-1022
Using data from 159 African Americans and 98 Anglo Americans, we examined relations among ethnicity, gender, information technology (IT) self-efficacy, occupational stereotypes, attitudes toward IT, and IT career intentions. Results revealed that IT self-efficacy and occupational stereotypes were related to attitudes toward IT jobs, and these attitudes were positively related to career intentions. In addition, there were ethnic and gender differences in IT self-efficacy and occupational stereotypes. In particular, African American men reported higher levels of IT self-efficacy, whereas Anglo American women reported lower levels of IT self-efficacy than did members of all other groups. Furthermore, Anglo Americans had more negative stereotypes of IT professionals than did African Americans. Implications for research and practice are discussed. 相似文献
939.
ABSTRACT— Is a dog ever too old to learn new tricks? We review recent findings on sensitive periods in brain development, ranging from sensory processing to high-level cognitive abilities in humans. We conclude that there are multiple varieties of, and mechanisms underlying, these changes. However, many sensitive periods may be a consequence of the basic processes underlying postnatal functional brain development. 相似文献
940.
There are two main theories about the persistence of objects through time. Endurantists hold that objects are three-dimensional, have only spatial parts, and wholly exist at each moment of their existence. Perdurantists hold that objects are four-dimensional, have temporal parts, and exist only partly at each moment of their existence. We argue that endurantism is poorly suited to describe the persistence of objects in a world governed by special relativity, and it can accommodate a relativistic world only at a high price not worth paying. Perdurantism, on the other hand, fits beautifully with our current scientific understanding of the world. We use only the implications of the Lorentz transformations, without appeal to geometrical interpretations, dimensional analogies or auxiliary premises like temporal eternalism. 相似文献