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531.
Martel MM Pierce L Nigg JT Jester JM Adams K Puttler LI Buu A Fitzgerald H Zucker RA 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(3):363-373
Temperament traits may increase risk for developmental psychopathology like Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
and disruptive behaviors during childhood, as well as predisposing to substance abuse during adolescence. In the current study,
a cascade model of trait pathways to adolescent substance abuse was examined. Component hypotheses were that (a) maladaptive
traits would increase risk for inattention/hyperactivity, (b) inattention/hyperactivity would increase risk for disruptive
behaviors, and (c) disruptive behaviors would lead to adolescent substance abuse. Participants were 674 children (486 boys)
from 321 families in an ongoing, longitudinal high risk study that began when children were 3 years old. Temperament traits
assessed were reactive control, resiliency, and negative emotionality, using examiner ratings on the California Q-Sort. Parent,
teacher, and self ratings of inattention/hyperactivity, disruptive behaviors, and substance abuse were also obtained. Low
levels of childhood reactive control, but not resiliency or negative emotionality, were associated with adolescent substance
abuse, mediated by disruptive behaviors. Using a cascade model, family risk for substance abuse was partially mediated by
reactive control, inattention/hyperactivity, and disruptive behavior. Some, but not all, temperament traits in childhood were
related to adolescent substance abuse; these effects were mediated via inattentive/hyperactive and disruptive behaviors.
This work was supported by NIAAA grant R01-AA12217 to Robert Zucker and Joel Nigg, NIAAA grant R37-AA07065 to Robert Zucker
and Hiram Fitzgerald, and NIMH grant R01-MH59105 to Joel Nigg. Martel was supported by 1 F31 MH075533-01A2. The authors thank
the participants and Susan Refior, the long term MLS Field Director, whose steadfast commitment and support have made this
study possible. 相似文献
532.
Across three studies, we identify an asymmetry between gift-givers’ and gift-recipients’ beliefs about the link between gift price and feelings of appreciation. Gift-givers expected a positive correlation between how much they spent on a gift and the extent to which gift-recipients would appreciate the gift because gift-givers assume that more expensive gifts convey a higher level of thoughtfulness. Gift-recipients, in contrast, reported no such association between gift price and their actual feelings of appreciation. This effect occurred regardless of whether the individual’s role and the magnitude of the gift were manipulated or measured in the field. Taken together, these findings cast doubt on whether gift-givers can draw on their personal experience as gift-recipients in order to identify meaningful gifts for others. 相似文献
533.
This study considers how different constructions of self and social reality influence the experience of relationship. Reflecting the relational interdependence of West African worlds, the authors hypothesized and observed that Ghanaian participants were significantly more likely than U.S.A. participants (ns = 50 each) to advocate caution toward friends and to emphasize practical assistance in friendship. Reflecting the atomistic independence of North American worlds, the authors hypothesized and observed that U.S.A. participants were significantly more likely than Ghanaian participants to indicate a large friendship network; to emphasize companionship, particularly relative to Ghanaian women; and to emphasize emotional support, particularly relative to Ghanaian nonstudents. Results suggest that friendship is not a universal form; instead, it takes different forms in different cultural worlds. 相似文献
534.
535.
Type A as a Moderator of Stressors and Job Complexity: A Comparison of Achievement Strivings and Impatience-Irritability 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Steve M. Jex Gary A. Adams Tina C. Elacqua Daniel G. Bachrach 《Journal of applied social psychology》2002,32(5):977-996
This study examined two components (achievement strivings and impatience-irritability) of the Type A Behavior Pattern as moderators of job stressors and job complexity on health and job satisfaction. It was predicted that achievement strivings would moderate the impact of job stressors and impatience-irritability would impact responses to job complexity. Data from 525 employed adults provided mixed support for the moderator hypotheses. Relations between job stressors and both health and job satisfaction were strongest among employees reporting high levels of achievement strivings. Impatience-irritability had no moderating effect. For job complexity, only one moderator effect was found. Mental demands were positively related to job satisfaction among those reporting low levels of impatience-irritability. Implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
536.
Able-bodied people from the two extremes of the distribution of passive dorsiflexion exhibit biomechanical differences when descending stairs. Whether physical therapists could judge accurately the amount of ankle flexibility from observation of stair descent was examined with physical therapists (20 neurological 20 cardiothoracic) and 20 students. Subjects were 18 able-bodied men with high or low passive dorsiflexion. Raters viewed videotaped subjects descending stairs at normal playback speed and in slow motion and rated ankle flexibility on a 20-point scale. 'Flexible' or 'inflexible' subjects were classified correctly better than chance, but accuracy of rating flexibility was relatively poor. Both experience and slow motion playback improved accuracy. Physical therapists can detect extremes of normal flexibility in the ankle, based solely on observation of stair descent, and experienced therapists are better at this task than less experienced ones. Using slow motion videotape enhanced observational analysis. 相似文献
537.
Michael Lynn Michael Sturman Christie Ganley Elizabeth Adams Mathew Douglas Jessica McNeil 《Journal of applied social psychology》2008,38(4):1045-1060
This study examined the effects of server race, customer race, and their interaction on restaurant tips while statistically controlling for customers' perceptions of service quality and other variables. The findings indicate that consumers of both races discriminated against Black service providers by tipping them less than White service providers. Furthermore, this server race effect on tipping was moderated by perceived service quality and dining party size. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. Particularly noteworthy is the possibility that the server race effect on tipping represents an adverse impact against Black servers that makes the use of tipping to compensate employees a violation of employment discrimination law in the United States. 相似文献
538.
Tatiana M. Davidson Brian E. Bunnell Benjamin E. Saunders Rochelle F. Hanson Carla K. Danielson Danna Cook Brian C. Chu Shannon Dorsey Zachary W. Adams Arthur R. Andrews Jesse H. Walker Kathryn E. Soltis Judith A. Cohen Esther Deblinger Kenneth J. Ruggiero 《Behavior Therapy》2019,50(2):367-379
Mental health systems need scalable solutions that can reduce the efficacy–effectiveness gap and improve mental health outcomes in community mental health service settings. Two major challenges to delivery of high-quality care are providers’ fidelity to evidence-based treatment models and children’s and caregivers’ engagement in the treatment process. We developed a novel, tablet-based application designed to enhance via technology the quality of delivery of trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (TF-CBT). We piloted its use in four community mental health service organizations using a blocked randomized controlled trial to examine the feasibility of implementing tablet-facilitated TF-CBT versus standard TF-CBT with 13 providers and 27 families. Provider fidelity and child engagement in treatment were observationally measured via session audio recording. Parent and child perceptions of the tablet application were assessed using structured interviews and mixed-method analyses. Providers actively and appropriately used tablet TF-CBT to facilitate treatment activities. Providers and families expressed high satisfaction with its use, demonstrating acceptability of this approach. Youth and caregivers in both conditions reported high alliance with their providers. Overall, we found that tablet-facilitated treatment is accepted by providers and families and may be integrated into mental health treatment with minimal training. Further study is needed to examine the extent to which technology-based applications may enhance the reach, quality, and clinical outcomes of mental health treatment delivered to children and families. 相似文献
539.
In this study, the authors examined whether concurrent associations between adolescent outcomes and disagreements with mothers, fathers, and best friends vary as a function of perceived relationship quality. Participants were 469 11- to 18-year-old youths from a culturally diverse community. Negative qualities of parent-adolescent and friend relationships were linked to adjustment problems (aggression, anxiety and depression, delinquency, and withdrawal). Positive qualities of parent-adolescent relationships were linked to school grades and adjustment problems. Nonlinear associations between conflict and adolescent outcomes were moderated by negative qualities of relationships such that increases in conflict from low to moderate levels were linked to (a) higher school grades for adolescents in better but not poorer quality relationships and (b) greater delinquency and withdrawal for adolescents in poorer but not better quality relationships. 相似文献
540.
No-fault statutes changed divorce from an adversarial system pitting victims against victimizers, with the state acting as enforcer of marital norms, to a private decision between unhappily married but legally blameless partners. Divorce reform following no-fault primarily focused on making divorce more fair for the parties involved. Over the last several decades, divorce reform has transitioned from making divorce better to making marriage healthier. The good divorce has slipped from policy attention, elevating the potential for restigmatization of divorced couples and their children. We trace the trajectory of media framing of divorce reform discourse in three general circulation newspapers from the start of the no-fault revolution, noting how media framing parallels and naturalizes the transition in divorce reform policy. We conclude by observing the prevalence of divorce and the related need for therapists to be cognizant of this naturalization process, thereby keeping the good divorce as a goal for those who desire to end their marriages. 相似文献