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301.
Recent research has revealed that the presence of irrelevant visual information during retrieval of long-term memories diminishes
recollection of task-relevant visual details. Here, we explored the impact of irrelevant auditory information on remembering
task-relevant visual details by probing recall of the same previously viewed images while participants were in complete silence,
exposed to white noise, or exposed to ambient sounds recorded at a busy café. The presence of auditory distraction diminished
objective recollection of goal-relevant details, relative to the silence and white noise conditions. Critically, a comparison
with results from a previous study using visual distractors showed equivalent effects for auditory and visual distraction.
These findings suggest that disruption of recollection by external stimuli is a domain-general phenomenon produced by interference
between resource-limited, top-down mechanisms that guide the selection of mnemonic details and control processes that mediate
our interactions with external distractors. 相似文献
302.
Ghavami N Fingerhut A Peplau LA Grant SK Wittig MA 《Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology》2011,17(1):79-88
How is social identity related to psychological well-being among minority individuals? Drawing on developmental models of identity formation (e.g., Erikson, 1968) and on Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979), we tested a conceptual model examining links between two key aspects of social identity and psychological well-being. We proposed that the association between identity achievement (exploring and understanding the meaning of one's identity) and psychological well-being is mediated by identity affirmation (developing positive feelings and a sense of belonging to one's social group). Across three studies, including ethnic minority high school students (Study 1), ethnic minority college students (Study 2) and lesbian and gay male adults (Study 3), we found strong support for the model. Results suggest that the process of exploring and understanding one's minority identity can serve as an important basis for developing positive feelings toward and an enhanced sense of attachment to the group, which can in turn confer psychological benefits for minority individuals. Implications and directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
303.
Previous research has largely focused on the influence of experienced affect on decision making; however, other sources of affective information may also shape decisions. In two studies, we examine the interacting influences of affective information, state affect, and personality on temporal discounting rates (i.e., the tendency to choose small rewards today rather than larger rewards in the future). In Study 1, participants were primed with either positive or negative affect adjectives before making reward choices. In Study 2, participants underwent either a positive or negative affect induction before making reward choices. Results in both studies indicate that neuroticism interacts with state unpleasant affect and condition (i.e., positive or negative primes or induction) to predict discounting rates. Moreover, the nature of the interactions depends on the regulatory cues of the affective information available. These results suggest that irrelevant (i.e., primes) and stable (i.e., personality traits) sources of affective information also shape judgments and decision making. Thus, current affect levels are not the only source of affective information that guides individuals when making decisions. 相似文献
304.
Critical consciousness: current status and future directions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Watts RJ Diemer MA Voight AM 《New directions for child and adolescent development》2011,2011(134):43-57
In this chapter, the authors consider Paulo Freire's construct of critical consciousness (CC) and why it deserves more attention in research and discourse on youth political and civic development. His approach to education and similar ideas by other scholars of liberation aims to foster a critical analysis of society--and one's status within it--using egalitarian, empowering, and interactive methods. The aim is social change as well as learning, which makes these ideas especially relevant to the structural injustice faced by marginalized youth. From their review of these ideas, the authors derive three core CC components: critical reflection, political efficacy, and critical action. They highlight promising research related to these constructs and innovative applied work including youth action-research methodology. Their conclusion offers ideas for closing some of the critical gaps in CC theory and research. 相似文献
305.
Preparation provided by visual location cues is known to speed up behavior. However, the role of concurrent saccades in response to visual cues remains unclear. In this study, participants performed a spatial precueing task by pressing one of four response keys with one of four fingers (two of each hand) while eye movements were monitored. Prior to the stimulus, we presented a neutral cue (baseline), a hand cue (corresponding to left vs. right positions), or a finger cue (corresponding to inner vs. outer positions). Participants either remained fixated on a central fixation point or moved their eyes freely. The results demonstrated that saccades during the cueing interval altered the pattern of cueing effects. Finger cueing trials in which saccades were spatially incompatible (vs. compatible) with the subsequently required manual response exhibited slower manual RTs. We propose that interference between saccades and manual responses affects manual motor preparation. 相似文献
306.
Yariv Festman Jos J. Adam Jay Pratt Martin H. Fischer 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2013,75(4):644-649
Previous research on the interaction between manual action and visual perception has focused on discrete movements or static postures and discovered better performance near the hands (the near-hand effect). However, in everyday behaviors, the hands are usually moving continuously between possible targets. Therefore, the current study explored the effects of continuous hand motion on the allocation of visual attention. Eleven healthy adults performed a visual discrimination task during cyclical concealed hand movements underneath a display. Both the current hand position and its movement direction systematically contributed to participants’ visual sensitivity. Discrimination performance increased substantially when the hand was distant from but moving toward the visual probe location (a far-hand effect). Implications of this novel observation are discussed. 相似文献
307.
One of the fundamental properties of spatial vision is the ability to localize objects in space. According to a recent proposal,
accurate localization performance involves the operation of two systems: the attention system and the eye movement system.
Upon stimulus presentation, attention is shifted to the target area: this provides coarse location information. Subsequently,
a saccadic eye movement is executed: this provides fine location information. In this study we tested predictions derived
from this model concerning the effects of precue information on localization performance. In a series of five experiments
we manipulated duration of precue (71, 400, and 1,000 ms) and type of precue (spatial versus symbolic). Results showed that
very short duration (i.e., 71 ms) spatial precues improved localization performance whereas very short duration symbolic precues
did not. In contrast, the 1,000 ms duration precue condition showed similar amounts of precuing benefit for the spatial and
symbolic precues. This pattern of differential precuing effects corroborated the two-process model of localization performance.
Received: 24 June 1999 / Accepted: 28 January 2000 相似文献
308.
Adam D. Pave 《亚洲哲学》2006,16(2):99-109
One major idea within the great epic of the Mahabharata is the concept of fate. Daiva, literally ‘of the gods’, could be said to direct or even manipulate every character and theme throughout the entire epic. The story of Nala and Damayanti offers us an opportunity for insight into Daiva within the epic as a whole. The short story, when placed in the Mahabharata, results in an interesting encapsulation of a love story, numerous metaphors and a tale of initial loss and eventual redemption. Through the investigation of each character's specific dharma, we will see that actions and consequences seemingly blend together, with an arguable disregard for the passage of time. Throughout the story of Nala and Damayanti, we will notice the overarching theme of fate. Human choice and divine authority are questioned as people and gods are unable to escape from what must be. 相似文献
309.
Eye movements latencies toward peripherally presented stimuli were measured in 10-year-old dyslexic and control children. Dyslexic subjects, previously found to be oversensitive to stimulation of the magnocellular channel, showed reduced latencies as compared to normally reading controls. An attention shifting task was also used which showed no group differences in latencies of eye movements. The data are discussed in terms of the hypothesis of magnocellular system alteration and attention dysfunction in dyslexia. Additionally, sex differences in eye movement latencies were found and are discussed. 相似文献
310.
Little is known about how facility-level characteristics affect the risk of suicide and suicide attempts in juvenile justice residential facilities. This leaves facility administrators and mental health providers without evidence-based guidance on how the facility itself affects risks. The current study uses data from two recently developed censuses of juvenile justice facilities in the United States to examine the relationship between facility-level characteristics and the likelihood of a facility reporting serious suicide attempts and deaths from suicide. Results suggest highest risks for facilities housing larger populations of Black young people and for facilities locking sleeping room doors. Lower risks are found for facilities screening all young people within 24 hours of arrival. 相似文献