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41.
42.
Steven?C.?Clark Adam?M.?Dover Glenn?GeherEmail author Paul?K.?Presson 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2005,24(3):180-202
For 19 mating-relevant traits, single males (N= 53) and single females (N= 86) rated (a) themselves relative to their same-sex peers, (b) their perceptions of the qualities desired by members of
the opposite sex in an ideal partner, and (c) the qualities desired in their own ideal romantic partner. Several themes emerged
from the data. First, males’ and females’ judgments of what members of the opposite-sex seek were generally accurate. Second,
males and females both feel that they fall short of perceived opposite-sex expectations in a few areas. Third, both males
and females desire an ideal partner better than themselves, but this is especially true for females. These findings are discussed
in terms of evolutionary social psychological principles. 相似文献
43.
Transient hippocampal down-regulation of Kv1.1 subunit mRNA during associative learning in rats
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Kourrich S Manrique C Salin P Mourre C 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2005,12(5):511-519
Voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv) are critically involved in learning and memory processes. It is not known, however, whether the expression of the Kv1.1 subunit, constituting Kv1 channels, can be specifically regulated in brain areas important for learning and memory processing. Radioactive in situ hybridization was used to evaluate the content of Kv1.1 α-subunit mRNA in the olfactory bulb, ventral, and dorsal hippocampus at different stages of an odor-discrimination associative task in rats. Naive, conditioned, and pseudoconditioned animals were sacrificed at different times either prior to a two-odor significance learning or after odor discrimination was established. Important decreases of Kv1.1 mRNA levels were transiently observed in the ventral hippocampus before successful learning when compared with the pseudoconditioned group. Moreover, temporal group analysis showed significant labeling alterations in the hippocampus of conditioned and pseudoconditioned groups throughout the training. Finally, Kv1.1 mRNA levels in the hippocampus were positively correlated with odor-reward association learning in rats that were beginning to discriminate between odors. These findings indicate that the Kv1.1 subunit is transiently down-regulated in the early stages of learning and suggest that Kv1 channel expression regulation is critical for the modification of neuronal substrates underlying new information acquisition. 相似文献
44.
Differential role of inhibition in habituation of two independent afferent pathways to a common motor output
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Many studies of the neural mechanisms of learning have focused on habituation, a simple form of learning in which a response decrements with repeated stimulation. In the siphon-elicited siphon withdrawal reflex (S-SWR) of the marine mollusk Aplysia, the prevailing view is that homosynaptic depression of primary sensory afferents underlies short-term habituation. Here we examined whether this mechanism is also utilized in habituation of the tail-elicited siphon withdrawal reflex (T-SWR), which is triggered by an independent, polysynaptic afferent pathway that converges onto the same siphon motor neurons (MNs). By using semi-intact preparations in which tail and/or siphon input to siphon MNs could be measured, we found that repeated tail stimuli administered in the presence of a reversible conduction block of the nerves downstream of the tail sensory neurons (SNs) completely abolished the induction of habituation. Subsequent retraining revealed no evidence of savings, indicating that the tail SNs and their immediate interneuronal targets are not the locus of plasticity underlying T-SWR habituation. The networks closely associated with the siphon MNs are modulated by cholinergic inhibition. We next examined the effects of network disinhibition on S-SWR and T-SWR habituation using an Ach receptor antagonist d-tubocurarine. We found that the resulting network disinhibition disrupted T-SWR, but not S-SWR, habituation. Indeed, repeated tail stimulation in the presence of d-tubocurarine resulted in an initial enhancement in responding. Lastly, we tested whether habituation of T-SWR generalized to S-SWR and found that it did not. Collectively, these data indicate that (1) unlike S-SWR, habituation of T-SWR does not involve homosynaptic depression of SNs; and (2) the sensitivity of T-SWR habituation to network disinhibition is consistent with an interneuronal plasticity mechanism that is unique to the T-SWR circuit, since it does not alter S-SWR. 相似文献
45.
Dovidio JF ten Vergert M Stewart TL Gaertner SL Johnson JD Esses VM Riek BM Pearson AR 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2004,30(12):1537-1549
The present work investigated mechanisms by which Whites' prejudice toward Blacks can be reduced (Study 1) and explored how creating a common ingroup identity can reduce prejudice by promoting these processes (Study 2). In Study 1, White participants who viewed a videotape depicting examples of racial discrimination and who imagined the victim's feelings showed greater decreases in prejudice toward Blacks than did those in the objective and no instruction conditions. Among the potential mediating affective and cognitive variables examined, reductions in prejudice were mediated primarily by feelings associated with perceived injustice. In Study 2, an intervention designed to increase perceptions of a common group identity before viewing the videotape, reading that a terrorist threat was directed at all Americans versus directed just at White Americans, also reduced prejudice toward Blacks through increases in feelings of injustice. 相似文献
46.
Adam?M.?Malin Blaine?J.?FowersEmail author 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2004,23(1):77-85
This study examined the emotional response of 110 adolescents living in the New York metropolitan area one month and five
months after the destruction of the World Trade Center (WTC) by terrorists. The purpose of the study was to assess emerging
hypotheses in political psychology that suggest that there are differential emotional responses to a national trauma that
recede in predictable directions. The results followed predictions and indicate that adolescents experienced a higher level
of emotions related to the Crisis and Bereavement dimension than affect associated with Vulnerability and that the emotional
response decreased during the four-month follow-up period. There was no effect on emotional response from the biological sex
or political orientation of the respondents, which is inconsistent with other studies in the literature. The absence of a
political orientation effect is explained in terms of the lack of a domestic ideological difference in response to the terrorist
attack. 相似文献
47.
As people study more facts about a concept, it takes longer to retrieve a particular fact about that concept. This fan effect
(Anderson, 1974) has been attributed to competition among associations to a concept. Alternatively, the mental-model theory
(Radvansky & Zacks, 1991) suggests that the fan effect disappears when the related concepts are organized into a single mental
model. In the present study, attentional focus was manipulated to affect the mental model to be constructed. One group of
participants focused on the person dimension of personlocation pairs, whereas the other group focused on the location dimension.
The result showed that the fan effect with the focused dimension was greater than the fan effect with the nonfocused dimension,
which is contrary to the mental-model theory. The number of associations with a concept is indeed crucial during retrieval,
and the importance of the information seems to be accentuated with attentional focus. 相似文献
48.
The concept of informed consent was one of the most fruitful ideas that deeply changed the relationships between physicians
and their patients from paternalism to respect for the personal autonomy of subjects needing professional medical care. The
great progress in medicine, also involving the pharmaceutical industry, has created an increasing need to perform different
clinical and experimental trials. The evolution of clinical research in the last decades has influenced strongly the design
of these studies. One of the most important changes in this field has been the use of placebo groups in double-blind controlled
studies. The controversies have involved not only the use of placebo when standard or proven treatment was available, but
also some specific problems concerning the procedure of obtaining informed consent in such trials. This paper briefly presents
the evolution of informed consent in Poland as well as different ethical and legal problems concerning informed consent and
the use of placebo controls in clinical trials.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an international conference, “Placebo: Its Action and Place in Health Research
Today,” held in Warsaw, Poland on 12–13 April, 2003. 相似文献
49.
Neurophysiological experiments with monkeys have demonstrated that working memory (WM) is associated with persistent neural
activity in multiple brain regions, such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC), the parietal cortex, and posterior unimodal association
areas. WM maintenance is believed to require the coordination of these brain regions, which do not function in isolation but,
rather, interact to maintain visual percepts that are no longer present in the environment. However, single-unit physiology
studies and traditional univariate analyses of functional brain imaging data cannot evaluate interactions between distant
brain regions, and so evidence of regional integration during WM maintenance is largely indirect. In this study, we utilized
a recently developed multivariate analysis method that allows us to explore functional connectivity between brain regions
during the distinct stages of a delayed face recognition task. To characterize the neural network mediating the on-line maintenance
of faces, the fusiform face area (FFA) was defined as a seed and was then used to generate whole-brain correlation maps. A
random effects analysis of the correlation data revealed a network of brain regions exhibiting significant correlations with
the FFA seed during the WM delay period. This maintenance network included the dorsolateral and ventrolateral PFC, the premotor
cortex, the intraparietal sulcus, the caudate nucleus, the thalamus, the hippocampus, and occipitotemporal regions. These
findings support the notion that the coordinated functional interaction between nodes of a widely distributed network underlies
the active maintenance of a perceptual representation. 相似文献
50.
The use of a distractor-assigned response slows later responding in a location negative priming task
Responding to a target's location takes longer when that location has recently contained a distractor event (ignored-repetition [IR] trial) relative to when it has been unoccupied (control trial). This is known as the location negative priming (NP) effect. We aimed to determine whether the elevated reaction time observed for IR trials was due to the reuse of a distractor location (location locus) and/or to the need to execute a (just inhibited) distractor response (response locus). We isolated these loci latency effects by using many-to-one and one-to-many location-response assignments. Our results showed that reusing a distractor location hastened target processing at that position (facilitative location locus), whereas the production of a distractor response was associated with a time cost (interfering response locus). Accordingly, part of the latency elevation seen with IR trials results from the need on these occasions to execute ajust inhibited (distractor) response, and, hence, the location NP effect has a response locus. 相似文献