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131.
It has been well identified and supported in the literature that values and life goals are associated with one’s general well-being. However, there have been few studies on values and life goals among international students in New Zealand. This study addressed this lack of research by focusing on the life goals and personal values among international students in three tertiary institutes in New Zealand. Based on the literature review, the hypothesis of this study is that international students’ intrinsic life goals are positively correlated with their spiritual values. In contrast, extrinsic goals did not have similar effects. The Aspirations Index, which was used to assess life goals, and the Schwartz’ value survey, which measured the students’ personal values, were both distributed to the participants. Follow-up interviews with 24 of the participants were also conducted. Findings revealed that spiritual values were positively correlated with intrinsic goals and that extrinsic goals did not have similar effects. As the research findings showed that spiritual values were positively correlated with intrinsic goals, helping international students to find meaning and purpose in life may promote their well-being, and the learning and growth of international students can be improved by incorporating spiritual values and cultural aspects in college education. The authors also argue that a holistic approach to college education for international students is needed. 相似文献
132.
Herbert W. Marsh Marjorie Seaton Hans Kuyper Florence Dumas Pascal Huguet Isabelle Régner Abraham P. Buunk Jean‐Marc Monteil Frederick X. Gibbons 《Journal of personality》2010,78(2):671-710
ABSTRACT Consistent with social comparison theory (SCT), Blanton, Buunk, Gibbons, and Kuyper (1999) and Huguet, Dumas, Monteil, and Genestoux (2001) found that students tended to choose comparison targets who slightly outperformed them (i.e., upward comparison choices), and this had a beneficial effect on subsequent performance—a behavioral assimilation effect (BAE). We show (Studies 1 and 2) that this apparent BAE is due, in part, to uncontrolled measurement error in pretest achievement. However, using simulated data (Study 3), these phantom BAEs were eliminated with latent‐variable models with multiple indicators. In Studies 4 and 5, latent‐variable models were applied to the Blanton et al. and Huguet et al. data, resulting in substantially smaller but still significantly positive BAEs. More generally in personality research based on correlational data, failure to control measurement error in pretest/background variables will positively bias the apparent effects of personality variables of interest, but widely applicable approaches demonstrated here can correct for these biases. 相似文献
133.
A. Zwenneke Bosch Abraham P. Buunk Frans W. Siero Justin H. Park 《European journal of social psychology》2010,40(5):847-855
As the tendency to compare oneself with others may be associated with the tendency to focus on similarities, we hypothesized that individual differences in social comparison orientation (SCO) may moderate the consequences of upward and downward comparisons. In Study 1, high comparers were found to focus more on similarities than low comparers, suggesting that high comparers are more likely to assimilate in general. In Study 2, SCO was found to be positively associated with mood following exposure to an attractive target, and negatively associated with mood following exposure to a less attractive target. In Studies 2 and 3, SCO was found to be positively associated with self‐evaluations of attractiveness following exposure to an attractive target and negatively associated with self‐evaluations of attractiveness following exposure to a less attractive target. These results indicate that research on the consequences of social comparison must attend to individual differences in SCO. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
134.
135.
Following the notion of relative importance of the right hemisphere (RH) in creative thinking, we explored the possibility
of enhancing creative problem solving by artificially activating the RH ahead of time using unilateral hand contractions.
Participants attempted to complete the Remote Associates Test after squeezing a ball with either their left or right hand.
As predicted, participants who contracted their left hand (thus activating the RH) achieved higher scores than those who used
their right hand and those who did not contract either hand. Our findings indicate that tilting the hemispheric balance toward
the processing mode of one hemisphere by motor activation can greatly influence the outcome of thought processes. Regardless
of the specific mechanism involved, this technique has the potential for acting as a therapeutic or remedial manipulation
and could have wide applications in aiding individuals with language impairments or other disorders that are believed to be
related to hemispheric imbalances. 相似文献
136.
Michael J. Eckert Wickliffe C. Abraham 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2010,17(10):480-484
A number of experimental paradigms use in vitro brain slices to test for changes in synaptic transmission and plasticity following a behavioral manipulation. For example, a number of previous studies have reported a variety of effects of environmental enrichment (EE) exposure on field potential responses in hippocampal slices, but in no study was is it known what changes had been elicited in vivo. In the present study, we recorded from the hippocampus in vivo while rats underwent a brief period of EE. There was no detectable EE-induced change in synaptic efficacy in the dentate gyrus in vivo, but there was an increase in cellular excitability. In slices prepared from the same animals, we failed to observe any evidence of the excitability increase. We next tested whether LTP induction in vivo was better preserved in vitro. However, when slices from these rats were examined, there was no observable change in perforant path synaptic strength, although there was a modest increase in excitability that correlated with the increased excitability observed in vivo. These findings suggest that synaptic changes induced in vivo either are not preserved faithfully or are difficult to detect in hippocampal slices, while changes in cellular excitability are better preserved.Exposure to an enriched environment (EE) can improve performance on a variety of hippocampus-dependent memory tasks in both normal (Kempermann et al. 1997; Duffy et al. 2001; Teather et al. 2002; Schrijver et al. 2004; Irvine and Abraham 2005) and disease model (Ohlsson and Johansson 1995; Young et al. 1999; Jankowsky et al. 2005; Lazarov et al. 2005; Nithianantharajah and Hannan 2006; Laviola et al. 2008) animals. Previous studies attempting to understand the physiological changes that mediate these effects have yielded mixed results, which may in part be due to the variability in enrichment paradigms used in different laboratories, but which may also be due to the method used to measure hippocampal physiology.Traditionally, researchers have studied the effects of EE using ex vivo brain slices. Such studies have sometimes reported an increase in synaptic strength following enrichment (Green and Greenough 1986; Foster et al. 1996; Foster and Dumas 2001), but a lack of a change has also been observed (Duffy et al. 2001; Feng et al. 2001; Parsley et al. 2007). The ex vivo approach is predicated on the assumption that EE (or other behavioral) treatment induces changes in neural function that are of sufficient magnitude and extent that they will still be present when the brain is removed and studied in vitro. However, there could be many hidden effects of slice preparation (Kirov et al. 2004) that change or obscure effects occurring in vivo.In a previous study, we were surprised to find few effects of a 3-mo EE treatment on hippocampal synaptic function and plasticity when assessed in vitro (Eckert et al. 2010), despite our having observed with in vivo recordings substantial effects with shorter periods of EE exposure (Irvine and Abraham 2005; Irvine et al. 2006). We therefore considered the possibility that effects measured electrophysiologically in vivo may not be readily detectable in vitro. Testing this hypothesis requires studying the same animals in vivo and in vitro, a control procedure we are not aware of having been reported previously in the literature. In the present study, we examined whether the effects of EE or LTP induction in vivo could be detected in hippocampal slices taken from the same animals. We failed to detect any of the in vivo changes, except for a modest increase in cellular excitability following LTP. 相似文献
137.
Brian Lickel Abraham M. Rutchick Steven J. Sherman 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2006,42(1):28-39
Three studies investigated perceivers’ beliefs about the principles by which different kinds of social groups govern interactions among group members. In Study 1, participants rated a sample of 20 groups on a set of group properties, including measures of relational principles used within groups. Results showed that people believe that interactions in different types of groups are governed by different blends of relational principles unique for each type of group. Study 2 experimentally demonstrated that perceivers could use minimal group property characteristics of different types of groups (i.e., extent of group member interaction, group size, duration, and permeability) to make inferences about the relational principles used in different types of groups. Study 3 demonstrated that relational style information influences people’s judgments of a group’s entitativity and collective responsibility. 相似文献
138.
David Rose Edouard Machery Stephen Stich Mario Alai Adriano Angelucci Renatas Berninas Emma E. Buchtel Amita Chatterjee Hyundeuk Cheon In‐Rae Cho Daniel Cohnitz Florian Cova Vilius Dranseika ngeles Eraa Lagos Laleh Ghadakpour Maurice Grinberg Ivar Hannikainen Takaaki Hashimoto Amir Horowitz Evgeniya Hristova Yasmina Jraissati Veselina Kadreva Kaori Karasawa Hackjin Kim Yeonjeong Kim Minwoo Lee Carlos Mauro Masaharu Mizumoto Sebastiano Moruzzi Christopher Y. Olivola Jorge Ornelas Barbara Osimani Carlos Romero Alejandro Rosas Lopez Massimo Sangoi Andrea Sereni Sarah Songhorian Paulo Sousa Noel Struchiner Vera Tripodi Naoki Usui Alejandro Vzquez del Mercado Giorgio Volpe Hrag Abraham Vosgerichian Xueyi Zhang Jing Zhu 《No?s (Detroit, Mich.)》2019,53(1):224-247
139.
Abraham M. Rutchick David L. Hamilton Jeremy D. Sack 《European journal of social psychology》2008,38(6):905-921
The extent to which a set of people is perceived as a meaningful group, as one entity, is called entitativity. In this paper, we propose that there are two qualitatively different group construals, or ways of thinking, about groups: as dynamic groups or as categorical groups. Two experiments investigated this distinction. An analogy was used to induce these construals by having participants think of the same group (the group “bees”) either dynamically (as the interacting members of a hive) or categorically (as the members of the species). We then gave participants information about a social group and assessed the impact of the construal manipulation on how that information was processed. Study 1 showed that perceivers recall and report different perceptual cues (similarity and interaction characteristics, respectively) when groups are thought of in these different ways. Study 2 showed that judgments of entitativity are differentially based on a group's similarity versus interaction under these different group construals. The results suggest that group construals change the properties on which entitativity is based. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
140.
Flaspohler P Duffy J Wandersman A Stillman L Maras MA 《American journal of community psychology》2008,41(3-4):182-196
Capacity is a complex construct that lacks definitional clarity. Little has been done to define capacity, explicate components
of capacity, or explore the development of capacity in prevention. This article represents an attempt to operationalize capacity
and distinguish among types and levels of capacity as they relate to dissemination and implementation through the use of a
taxonomy of capacity. The development of the taxonomy was informed by the capacity literature from two divergent models in
the field: research-to-practice (RTP) models and community-centered (CC) models. While these models differ in perspective
and focus, both emphasize the importance of capacity to the dissemination and sustainability of prevention innovations. Based
on the review of the literature, the taxonomy differentiates the concepts of capacity among two dimensions: level (individual, organizational, and community levels) and type (general capacity and innovation-specific capacity). The proposed taxonomy can aid in understanding the concept of capacity
and developing methods to support the implementation and sustainability of prevention efforts in novel settings. 相似文献