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341.
Saul J Wandersman A Flaspohler P Duffy J Lubell K Noonan R 《American journal of community psychology》2008,41(3-4):165-170
There is a well-known gap between science and practice. To address this gap in the areas of Child Maltreatment (CM) and Youth
Violence (Y/V), the Division of Violence Prevention (DVP) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) embarked
on a Dissemination/Implementation (D/I) planning project. The project was aimed at identifying better ways to connect research
and practice through reviews of the literature as well as through discussions with experts on violence prevention and research
utilization. This introductory article sets the stage for the rest of the special issue by defining terms, providing a rationale
for the planning project, describing the planning process, and summarizing what is to come in the rest of the issue.
The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention. 相似文献
342.
Chinman M Hunter SB Ebener P Paddock SM Stillman L Imm P Wandersman A 《American journal of community psychology》2008,41(3-4):206-224
Communities are increasingly being required by state and federal funders to achieve outcomes and be accountable, yet are often
not provided the guidance or the tools needed to successfully meet this challenge. To improve the likelihood of achieving
positive outcomes, the Getting To Outcomes (GTO) intervention (manual, training, technical assistance) is designed to provide
the necessary guidance and tools, tailored to community needs, in order to build individual capacity and program performance.
GTO is an example of a Prevention Support System intervention, which as conceptualized by the Interactive Systems Framework,
plays a key role in bridging the gap between prevention science (Prevention Synthesis and Translation System) and prevention
practice (Prevention Delivery System). We evaluated the impact of GTO on individual capacity and program performance using
survey- and interview-based methods. We tracked the implementation of GTO and gathered user feedback about its utility and
acceptability. The evaluation of GTO suggests that it can build individual capacity and program performance and as such demonstrates
that the Prevention Support System can successfully fulfill its intended role. Lessons learned from the implementation of
GTO relevant to illuminating the framework are discussed. 相似文献
343.
Beyond Stages of Change: Multi-Determinant Continuum Models of Action Readiness and Menu-Based Interventions 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Charles Abraham 《Psychologie appliquee》2008,57(1):30-41
The merits of modelling action readiness as a series of stages is discussed, focusing on the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) which postulates a motivational stage (for non‐intenders) and a volitional stage (for intenders). The HAPA helpfully clarifies that the relationship between self‐efficacy and action may be different for inexperienced intenders and experienced actors. This model also usefully distinguishes between different types of planning undertaken by intenders and it is suggested that further specification of planning tasks could explain why some intenders act while others do not. Despite the advantages of the HAPA, it is argued that the distinction between intenders and non‐intenders is fuzzy and unstable and that demarcation of the stage boundary is arbitrary. A multi‐determinant, multi‐goal continuum approach is recommended. Such modelling recognises graded discontinuities throughout the development of action readiness from attitude formation to behaviour change maintenance. It is argued that menu‐based interventions designed to deliver different messages and materials to people with different action‐readiness deficits may be more cost effective than stage‐tailored interventions. On discute de l’intérêt qu’il y a de modéliser la préparation à l’action en une série de stades à partir de l’Approche des Processus d’Action en faveur de la Santé (HAPA) qui pose l’existence d’une phase motivationnelle (pour ceux qui n’ont pas l’intention d’agir) et d’une phase volitionnelle (pour ceux qui l’ont). L’HAPA met utilement en évidence que la relation entre l’auto‐efficience et l’action peut différer selon que l’on a affaire à un acteur expérimenté ou à une personne sans expérience qui pense agir. Ce modèle fait aussi une distinction utile entre les différentes sortes de planification qui s’offrent à ceux qui ont l’intention d’agir et laisse entendre qu’un approfondissement de la planification des tâches pourrait expliquer pourquoi certains passent à l’action et d’autres pas. En dépit de l’intérêt de l’HAPA, on peut penser que la distinction entre l’intention et l’absence d’intention est floue et instable et que le découpage en stades est arbitraire. On recommande une approche retenant un continuum à déterminants et à buts multiples. Cette modélisation reconnaît l’existence de discontinuités échelonnées tout au long du développement de la préparation à l’action depuis la formation de l’attitude jusqu’au changement effectif du comportement. On défend l’idée que les interventions à la carte conçues pour procurer différents messages et fournitures aux gens qui présentent différentes carences de préparation à l’action peuvent être plus rentables que les interventions basées sur les stades. 相似文献
344.
Abraham A Werning M Rakoczy H von Cramon DY Schubotz RI 《Consciousness and cognition》2008,17(2):438-Consciousness
Mental state reasoning or theory-of-mind has been the subject of a rich body of imaging research. Although such investigations routinely tap a common set of regions, the precise function of each area remains a contentious matter. With the help of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we sought to determine which areas are involved when processing mental state or intentional metarepresentations by focusing on the relational aspect of such representations. Using non-intentional relational representations such as spatial relations between persons and between objects as a contrast, the results ascertained the involvement of the precuneus, the temporal poles, and the medial prefrontal cortex in the processing of intentional representations. In contrast, the anterior superior temporal sulcus and the left temporo-parietal junction were implicated when processing representations that refer to the presence of persons in relational contexts in general. The right temporo-parietal junction, however, was specifically activated for persons entering spatial relations. The level of representational complexity, a previously unexplored factor, was also found to modulate the neural response in some brain regions, such as the medial prefrontal cortex and the right temporo-parietal junction. These findings highlight the need to take into account the critical roles played by an extensive network of neural regions during mental state reasoning. 相似文献
345.
346.
Despite the prominence of organizational culture (OC), this concept is controversial and its structure has yet to be systematically analyzed. This study develops a three-pronged formal definitional framework on the basis of facet theory (FT) and explores behavior modality, referent, and object. This facet analysis (FA) of OC accounts successfully for variation in both creative behavior at work and the usage of information and communication technologies (ICTs). An analysis of data collected from 230 employees in the financial industry indicates that a radex structure was obtained for work and ICT. The behavior modality facet ordered the space from center to periphery, and referents facet relates to the direction angles away from the origin. 相似文献
347.
Karlijn Massar Abraham P. Buunk Mark Dechesne 《European journal of social psychology》2009,39(5):768-779
In the present experiment it was investigated whether the evaluation of rivals could be an unconscious process, engaged in automatically whenever a rival is present. To this end, participants were subliminally primed with words relating to rival characteristics after which they read a jealousy inducing scenario and their jealousy was assessed. It was hypothesized that for women, their self‐reported mate value would act as a moderator on the effect the rival characteristics would have on jealousy. For men, it was expected that their satisfaction with their current relationship would act as a moderator. The results confirmed the expectations: women with low mate value reported more overall jealousy, but women with high mate value were more jealous after priming with attractiveness words. Men with high relationship satisfaction reported more overall jealousy than men with low relationship satisfaction, and especially after priming with social dominance words. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
348.
OBJECTIVE: The trial investigates the effects of augmenting an established weight-reduction intervention with implementation intention prompts. DESIGN: Fifty-five overweight or obese women (ages 18 to 76 years; body mass index from 25.28 to 48.33) enrolled in a commercial weight reduction program were randomly assigned to either an implementation intention prompt or a control condition. Data were collected twice, with a time gap of 2 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was participants' change in weight and body mass index from preintervention to follow-up. RESULTS: Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed a significant Time = Condition interaction: On average, implementation intention prompt participants lost 4.2 kg (95% confidence interval = 3.19, 5.07), whereas control participants lost 2.1 kg (95% confidence interval = 1.11, 3.09). The change in frequency of planning mediated the effects of the intervention on weight and body mass index change. CONCLUSION: Among obese or overweight women participating in a commercial weight loss program, those who learn to form implementation intentions can achieve greater weight reduction. Planning facilitation is a key mechanism explaining enhanced weight loss generated by implementation intention formation. 相似文献
349.
Abraham W. Wolf 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2007,37(4):229-234
Psychologists who work in hospital settings confront assorted challenges in implementing the scientist–practitioner model.
Clinical psychologists must deal with the tension between an evidence-based model and the realities of clinical practice.
Psychologists can gain a better understanding of what it means to function as a scientist–practitioner by understanding current
debates in both psychology and medicine on the relationship between research and practice. Psychologists are not unique in
the slow pace of implementing research into practice. Psychologists in hospitals can make a contribution to the treatment
of medical patients by emphasizing the role of the treatment relationship in health-care outcomes. Medicine’s use of practice-based
research networks provides a valuable structure for psychologists to emulate in order to function as active participants in
the collection of practice-based evidence rather than passively accommodating to the evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. 相似文献
350.
A case is presented of a 56-year-old woman with a history of an eating disorder that preceded recognition of a mitochondrial myopathy. The possibility exists that her eating disorder was causally related to a more fundamental defect in mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. This case report highlights the phenotypic variability of mitochondrial myopathies. An increased risk of eating disorder may be associated with drugs that interfere with mitochondrial oxidative respiration. 相似文献