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341.
Abraham R 《Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs》2000,126(3):269-292
Organizational cynicism is the belief that an organization lacks integrity, which, when coupled with a powerful negative emotional reaction, leads to disparaging and critical behavior. In this article, the author attempts to theoretically clarify the process by which five forms of cynicism develop in the workplace and to empirically relate them to affective outcomes. Societal, employee, and organizational change cynicisms may be attributed to psychological contract violations; work cynicism may be related to burnout; and person-role conflict and personality cynicism may be related to innate hostility. Empirically, personality cynicism emerged as the strongest predictor of organizational cynicism, adversely affecting all of the criteria. Other forms of cynicism had more selective effects. Organizational change cynicism induced job dissatisfaction and alienation, and employee cynicism affected organizational commitment. Societal cynicism actually increased both job satisfaction and commitment. Both personality and work cynicisms were related to organizational citizenship indirectly, through alienation. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. 相似文献
342.
343.
Steven P. Kurtz Robert D. Webster Abraham K. Buckley William W. Darrow 《Sexuality & culture》2005,9(4):3-28
In a population-based sample of 193 men who had sex with men in South Beach, Miami-Dade County, Florida, two indicators of
social context—choice of sexual relationships and perceived HIV-infection status—were used to analyze residents who engaged
in certain sexual practices with their partners. The vast majority (88.6%) of respondents reported engagement in anal sex
during the previous 12 months; 20.2% reported unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) with ejaculation with any partner and 12.4%
reported UAI with ejaculation with one or more casual partners. Findings supported the hypothesis that primary partner relationships
and perceived HIV status are important variables for understanding engagement in UAI with ejaculation. Men who engaged in
such behaviors with casual partners were more likely to have negative attitudes towards condoms, report difficulty communicating
desires for safer sex, disagree with the belief that AIDS is fatal, and be intoxicated during anal intercourse. Men who reported
engaging in anal intercourse, but who never shared unprotected ejaculations, were most likely to be unknowingly infected with
HIV, suggesting that many men may become infected while following what they believe to be “safer sex practices.” In designing
effective interventions, public health authorities need to take into account socially embedded risk-negotiating practices. 相似文献
344.
This study assessed the role of individualism and collectivism in the shaping of personal values of Canadians, Israelis, and Palestinians. Based on Sagie and Elizur's (1996) multifaceted approach, we distinguished personal values that are individual centered (i.e., associated with one's home, family, or work) from collective-centered values (i.e., associated with the religion, sports, or politics). The magnitude of the difference between both value types differs according to cultural orientation. As compared with Palestinians, we predicted that Canadians and Israelis would rank individual-centered values higher and collective-centered values lower. Data obtained from samples of Palestinians, Israelis, and Canadians supported this hypothesis. 相似文献
345.
Lesesne CA Lewis KM White CP Green DC Duffy JL Wandersman A 《American journal of community psychology》2008,41(3-4):379-392
In the field of teen pregnancy prevention many efficacious prevention programs are available but adoption of these programs is slow at the community level. In this article, we present a multi-site, capacity-building effort called the Promoting Science-based Approaches to Teen Pregnancy Prevention project (PSBA) as a case example of a proactive application of the Interactive System Framework (ISF) for dissemination and implementation. The ISF is a multi-system model leading to dissemination and implementation of science-based prevention programming through the work of three interactive systems: The "Prevention Delivery," "Prevention Support," and "Prevention Synthesis & Translation" Systems. This article describes the proactive use of the ISF to conceptualize and bolster the PSBA program's goal of assisting local prevention partners in the use of science-based approaches (SBA) to prevent teen pregnancy. PSBA uses all three systems of the ISF to facilitate practice improvements and offers valuable research opportunities to investigate factors related to dissemination and implementation processes across these systems. Describing our application of this framework highlights the feasibility of actively using the ISF to build prevention infrastructure and to guide large-scale prevention promotion strategies in the area of teen pregnancy prevention. The program's ongoing evaluation is presented as an example of early efforts to develop an evidence base around the ISF. Research implications are discussed. 相似文献
346.
Saul J Wandersman A Flaspohler P Duffy J Lubell K Noonan R 《American journal of community psychology》2008,41(3-4):165-170
There is a well-known gap between science and practice. To address this gap in the areas of Child Maltreatment (CM) and Youth
Violence (Y/V), the Division of Violence Prevention (DVP) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) embarked
on a Dissemination/Implementation (D/I) planning project. The project was aimed at identifying better ways to connect research
and practice through reviews of the literature as well as through discussions with experts on violence prevention and research
utilization. This introductory article sets the stage for the rest of the special issue by defining terms, providing a rationale
for the planning project, describing the planning process, and summarizing what is to come in the rest of the issue.
The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention. 相似文献
347.
Chinman M Hunter SB Ebener P Paddock SM Stillman L Imm P Wandersman A 《American journal of community psychology》2008,41(3-4):206-224
Communities are increasingly being required by state and federal funders to achieve outcomes and be accountable, yet are often
not provided the guidance or the tools needed to successfully meet this challenge. To improve the likelihood of achieving
positive outcomes, the Getting To Outcomes (GTO) intervention (manual, training, technical assistance) is designed to provide
the necessary guidance and tools, tailored to community needs, in order to build individual capacity and program performance.
GTO is an example of a Prevention Support System intervention, which as conceptualized by the Interactive Systems Framework,
plays a key role in bridging the gap between prevention science (Prevention Synthesis and Translation System) and prevention
practice (Prevention Delivery System). We evaluated the impact of GTO on individual capacity and program performance using
survey- and interview-based methods. We tracked the implementation of GTO and gathered user feedback about its utility and
acceptability. The evaluation of GTO suggests that it can build individual capacity and program performance and as such demonstrates
that the Prevention Support System can successfully fulfill its intended role. Lessons learned from the implementation of
GTO relevant to illuminating the framework are discussed. 相似文献
348.
Beyond Stages of Change: Multi-Determinant Continuum Models of Action Readiness and Menu-Based Interventions 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Charles Abraham 《Psychologie appliquee》2008,57(1):30-41
The merits of modelling action readiness as a series of stages is discussed, focusing on the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) which postulates a motivational stage (for non‐intenders) and a volitional stage (for intenders). The HAPA helpfully clarifies that the relationship between self‐efficacy and action may be different for inexperienced intenders and experienced actors. This model also usefully distinguishes between different types of planning undertaken by intenders and it is suggested that further specification of planning tasks could explain why some intenders act while others do not. Despite the advantages of the HAPA, it is argued that the distinction between intenders and non‐intenders is fuzzy and unstable and that demarcation of the stage boundary is arbitrary. A multi‐determinant, multi‐goal continuum approach is recommended. Such modelling recognises graded discontinuities throughout the development of action readiness from attitude formation to behaviour change maintenance. It is argued that menu‐based interventions designed to deliver different messages and materials to people with different action‐readiness deficits may be more cost effective than stage‐tailored interventions. On discute de l’intérêt qu’il y a de modéliser la préparation à l’action en une série de stades à partir de l’Approche des Processus d’Action en faveur de la Santé (HAPA) qui pose l’existence d’une phase motivationnelle (pour ceux qui n’ont pas l’intention d’agir) et d’une phase volitionnelle (pour ceux qui l’ont). L’HAPA met utilement en évidence que la relation entre l’auto‐efficience et l’action peut différer selon que l’on a affaire à un acteur expérimenté ou à une personne sans expérience qui pense agir. Ce modèle fait aussi une distinction utile entre les différentes sortes de planification qui s’offrent à ceux qui ont l’intention d’agir et laisse entendre qu’un approfondissement de la planification des tâches pourrait expliquer pourquoi certains passent à l’action et d’autres pas. En dépit de l’intérêt de l’HAPA, on peut penser que la distinction entre l’intention et l’absence d’intention est floue et instable et que le découpage en stades est arbitraire. On recommande une approche retenant un continuum à déterminants et à buts multiples. Cette modélisation reconnaît l’existence de discontinuités échelonnées tout au long du développement de la préparation à l’action depuis la formation de l’attitude jusqu’au changement effectif du comportement. On défend l’idée que les interventions à la carte conçues pour procurer différents messages et fournitures aux gens qui présentent différentes carences de préparation à l’action peuvent être plus rentables que les interventions basées sur les stades. 相似文献
349.
Abraham A Werning M Rakoczy H von Cramon DY Schubotz RI 《Consciousness and cognition》2008,17(2):438-Consciousness
Mental state reasoning or theory-of-mind has been the subject of a rich body of imaging research. Although such investigations routinely tap a common set of regions, the precise function of each area remains a contentious matter. With the help of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we sought to determine which areas are involved when processing mental state or intentional metarepresentations by focusing on the relational aspect of such representations. Using non-intentional relational representations such as spatial relations between persons and between objects as a contrast, the results ascertained the involvement of the precuneus, the temporal poles, and the medial prefrontal cortex in the processing of intentional representations. In contrast, the anterior superior temporal sulcus and the left temporo-parietal junction were implicated when processing representations that refer to the presence of persons in relational contexts in general. The right temporo-parietal junction, however, was specifically activated for persons entering spatial relations. The level of representational complexity, a previously unexplored factor, was also found to modulate the neural response in some brain regions, such as the medial prefrontal cortex and the right temporo-parietal junction. These findings highlight the need to take into account the critical roles played by an extensive network of neural regions during mental state reasoning. 相似文献
350.