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941.
We examined the relationship between automaticity and response inhibition in the serial reaction time (SRT) task to test the
common assertion that automatic behavior is ballistic. Participants trained for 3 h on the SRT, using blocks of a second-order
conditional sequence interleaved with random blocks. Automaticity was measured using a concurrent secondary letter-counting
task. Response inhibition was measured using a stop-signal task. RTs decreased with training, with a greater decrease for
sequenced versus random blocks. Training correlated with a decreased RT cost to performing the secondary task concurrently
with the SRT, indicating the development of automaticity. Crucially, there was no change in the ability to inhibit responses
at the end of training, even in individuals who showed no dual-task interference. These results demonstrate that the ability
to inhibit a motor response does not decrease with automaticity, suggesting that some aspects of automatic behavior are not
ballistic. 相似文献
942.
Abraham L Halpern John H Halpern Sean B Doherty 《Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM》2008,3(1):21
After revelations of participation by psychiatrists and psychologists in interrogation of prisoners at Guantánamo Bay and
Central Intelligence Agency secret detention centers, the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological
Association adopted Position Statements absolutely prohibiting their members from participating in torture under any and all
circumstances, and, to a limited degree, forbidding involvement in interrogations. Some interrogations utilize very aggressive
techniques determined to be torture by many nations and organizations throughout the world. This paper explains why psychiatrists
and psychologists involved in coercive interrogations violate the Geneva Conventions and the laws of the United States. Whether
done with ignorance of professional ethical obligations or not, these psychiatrists and psychologists have crossed an ethical
barrier that may best be averted from re-occurring by teaching medical students and residents in all medical specialties about
the ethics principles stemming from the 1946–1947 Nuremberg trials and the Geneva Conventions, together with the Ethics Codes
of the World Medical Association and the American Medical Association; and, with regard to psychiatric residents and psychological
trainees, by the teaching about The Principles of Medical Ethics With Annotations Especially Applicable to Psychiatry and the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct, respectively. In this way, all physicians and psychologists will clearly understand that they have an absolute moral obligation
to "First, do no harm" to the human beings they professionally encounter. 相似文献
943.
A dual-networks architecture of top-down control 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Dosenbach NU Fair DA Cohen AL Schlaggar BL Petersen SE 《Trends in cognitive sciences》2008,12(3):99-105
Complex systems ensure resilience through multiple controllers acting at rapid and slower timescales. The need for efficient information flow through complex systems encourages small-world network structures. On the basis of these principles, a group of regions associated with top-down control was examined. Functional magnetic resonance imaging showed that each region had a specific combination of control signals; resting-state functional connectivity grouped the regions into distinct 'fronto-parietal' and 'cingulo-opercular' components. The fronto-parietal component seems to initiate and adjust control; the cingulo-opercular component provides stable 'set-maintenance' over entire task epochs. Graph analysis showed dense local connections within components and weaker 'long-range' connections between components, suggesting a small-world architecture. The control systems of the brain seem to embody the principles of complex systems, encouraging resilient performance. 相似文献
944.
945.
Searching for and finding meaning in collective trauma: results from a national longitudinal study of the 9/11 terrorist attacks 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The ability to make sense of events in one's life has held a central role in theories of adaptation to adversity. However, there are few rigorous studies on the role of meaning in adjustment, and those that have been conducted have focused predominantly on direct personal trauma. The authors examined the predictors and long-term consequences of Americans' searching for and finding meaning in a widespread cultural upheaval--the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001--among a national probability sample of U.S. adults (N=931). Searching for meaning at 2 months post-9/11 was predicted by demographics and high acute stress response. In contrast, finding meaning was predicted primarily by demographics and specific early coping strategies. Whereas searching for meaning predicted greater posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms across the following 2 years, finding meaning predicted lower PTS symptoms, even after controlling for pre-9/11 mental health, exposure to 9/11, and acute stress response. Mediation analyses suggest that finding meaning supported adjustment by reducing fears of future terrorism. Results highlight the role of meaning in adjustment following collective traumas that shatter people's fundamental assumptions about security and invulnerability. 相似文献
946.
An item response theory model for dealing with test speededness is proposed. The model consists of two random processes, a
problem solving process and a random guessing process, with the random guessing gradually taking over from the problem solving
process. The involved change point and change rate are considered random parameters in order to model examinee differences
in both respects. The proposed model is evaluated on simulated data and in a case study.
The research reported in this paper was supported by IAP P5/24 and GOA/2005/04, both awarded to Paul De Boeck and Iven Van
Mechelen, and by IAP P6/03, awarded to Iven Van Mechelen. Yuri Goegebeur’s research was supported by a grant of the Danish
Natural Science Research Council. 相似文献
947.
Abraham W. Wolf 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2003,33(2):129-143
John C. Norcross has made significant contributions in the areas of the transtheoretical model of change, psychotherapy integration, and empirically supported psychotherapy relationships. This interview explores the contributions of pragmatic philosophy and his personal upbringing to his work as a psychotherapy researcher and practitioner. Dr. Norcross discusses the status of the psychotherapy integration movement, the work of the Task Force on Empirically Supported Psychotherapy Relationships, and future trends in psychotherapy over the next 25 years. He emphasizes the importance of a methodological rigor that recognizes the unique characteristics of the psychotherapy relationship. He describes his current interest in the psychotherapy of psychotherapists, illustrating it with his personal challenges in balancing work and home. 相似文献
948.
Stereotype Lift 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
When a negative stereotype impugns the ability or worth of an outgroup, people may experience stereotype lift—a performance boost that occurs when downward comparisons are made with a denigrated outgroup. In a meta-analytic review, members of non-stereotyped groups were found to perform better when a negative stereotype about an outgroup was linked to an intellectual test than when it was not (d=.24,p<.0001). Notably, people appear to link negative stereotypes to evaluative tests more or less automatically. Simply presenting a test as diagnostic of ability was thus sufficient to induce stereotype lift. Only when negative stereotypes were explicitly invalidated or rendered irrelevant to the test did the lift effect disappear. 相似文献
949.
Catherine B. McClellan Lindsey L. Cohen Karen E. Joseph 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2003,10(4):231-238
The purpose of this study was to comprehensively describe infant procedural distress and pain across assessment modalities, and to compare similarities and differences across measures. A multimethod assessment of distress was conducted to investigate infants (N = 37) undergoing routine immunizations. Measures of infant distress included Parent report, nurse report, infant heart rate, and an observational measure of infant distress. Parents rated their infant's distress and pain significantly higher than did nurses. Observational and physiological ratings of infant distress were found to vary significantly by phase, and there were no correlations between adult ratings of pain and distress and physiological ratings. Findings suggest that infant procedural distress can be assessed in a number of manners. The discordance between these measures emphasizes the need for multimethod assessment of pediatric procedural distress in both research and clinical settings. Given the differences between parent and nurse ratings, clinicians should be aware that different assessment methods might lead to different conclusions about infant procedural distress. 相似文献
950.