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231.
Joshua D. Miller Jessica Maples Lauren R. Few Jennifer Q. Morse Kirsten E. Yaggi Paul A. Pilkonis 《Journal of personality assessment》2013,95(4):296-305
Proposals suggest that many or all of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed. [DSM–IV]; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) personality disorders (PDs) may be omitted from the DSM (5th ed.; DSM–V) and replaced with a dimensional trait model of personality pathology (Krueger, Skodol, Livesley, Shrout, &; Huang, 2007; Skodol, 2009). Several authors have expressed concerns that this may be difficult for clinicians and researchers who are more comfortable with the extant PD diagnoses. In this study, we tested whether clinician ratings of traits from the Five-factor model (FFM; Costa &; McCrae, 1990) can be used to recreate DSM–IV PDs. Using a sample of 130 clinical outpatients, we tested the convergent and discriminant validity of the FFM PD counts in relation to consensus ratings of the DSM–IV PDs. We then examined whether the FFM and DSM–IV PD scores correlate in similar ways with self-reported personality traits from the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (Clark, 1993). Finally, we tested the clinical utility of the FFM PD counts in relation to functional impairment. Overall, the FFM PD counts, scored using clinician ratings of the FFM traits, appeared to function like the DSM–IV PDs, thus suggesting that the use of a dimensional trait model of personality in the DSM–V may still allow for an assessment of the DSM–IV PD constructs. 相似文献
232.
The capacity to remember sequences is critical to many behaviors, such as navigation and communication. Adult humans readily recall the serial order of auditory items, and this ability is commonly understood to support, in part, the speech processing for language comprehension. Theories of short-term serial recall posit either use of absolute (hierarchically structured) or relative (associatively structured) position information. To date, neither of these classes of theories has been tested in a comparative auditory model. European starlings, a species of songbird, use temporally structured acoustic signals to communicate, and thus have the potential to serve as a model system for auditory working memory. Here, we explore the strategies that starlings use to detect the serial order of ecologically valid acoustic communication signals and the limits on their capacities to do so. Using a two-alternative choice operant procedure, we demonstrate that starlings can attend to the serial ordering of at least four song elements (motifs) and can use this information to classify differently ordered sequences of motifs. Removing absolute position cues from sequences while leaving relative position cues intact, causes recognition to fail. We then show that starlings can, however, recognize motif-sequences using only relative position cues, but only under rigid circumstances. The data are consistent with a strong learning bias against relative position information, and suggest that recognition of structured vocal signals in this species is inherently hierarchical. 相似文献
233.
Jonathan van 't Riet Robert A. C. Ruiter Marieke Q. Werrij Math J. J. M. Candel Hein de Vries 《European journal of social psychology》2010,40(7):1261-1276
Health‐promoting messages can be framed in terms of the gains that are associated with healthy behaviour (gain frame) or the losses that are associated with unhealthy behaviour (loss frame). In the present research, we examined the role of positive and negative affect in the persuasive effects of gain‐ and loss‐framed health‐promoting information. Experiment 1 (N = 98) showed that gain‐framed information resulted in higher levels of information acceptance than loss‐framed information and that this effect was mediated by positive affect. The results of Experiment 2 (N = 129) showed that gain‐framed information resulted in higher levels of information acceptance and attitude, an effect that was again mediated by positive affect. In addition, loss‐framed information resulted in more negative affect than gain‐framed information and negative affect increased participants' intention to engage in the healthy behaviour. These results suggest that affect may be of great importance in the persuasion process and may be particularly helpful to explain the underlying mechanisms of message framing effects. The findings also suggest that gain‐ and loss‐framed messages offer distinct pathways to persuasion. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
234.
Svein Magnussen Annika Melinder Ulf Stridbeck Abid Q. Raja 《Applied cognitive psychology》2010,24(1):122-133
We surveyed 164 members of the juror pool of the Court of Appeal and a representative sample of 1000 adult Norwegians without juror experience, about their knowledge and beliefs about eyewitness testimony, and compared their answers to a prior survey of Norwegian judges. Although the judges were somewhat more knowledgeable than jurors and the general public, all groups had limited knowledge of eyewitness testimony. Juror experience, in terms of number of times serving as juror, did not correlate with eyewitness knowledge. Consistent with this finding, the knowledge scores of the jurors were similar to the scores of the general public, tested with an abridged seven‐item version of the questionnaire. Comparisons with the results of surveys conducted in the US, indicate similar levels of knowledge among law professionals and jurors in the two countries. Increasing the knowledge of eyewitness testimony among the principal participants in the judiciary system may be an important component of the solution to eyewitness error. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
235.
Quyen Q. Tiet David Huizinga Hilary F. Byrnes 《Journal of child and family studies》2010,19(3):360-378
Prior studies have suggested that living in high-risk neighborhoods is associated with youths’ maladjustment. Youths who maintained
favorable outcomes, despite being exposed to such neighborhood risks, were considered resilient. Using structural equation
modeling techniques, longitudinal data of 877 youths from the Denver Youth Survey were examined to identify predictors of
resilience, longitudinal interrelations among predictors, and bi-directional relationships between resilience and life context
factors. Resilience was longitudinally predicted by bonding to family and teachers, involvement in extracurricular activities,
lower levels of parental discord, fewer adverse life events, and being less involved with delinquent peers. A positive feedback
loop was found, in which resilience predicted further resilience. Early intervention to strengthen traditional bonding, decrease
involvement with delinquent peers, and reduce the effects of adverse life events and parental discord may be essential in
enhancing functioning of high-risk youths. 相似文献
236.
Martire LM Schulz R Reynolds CF Morse JQ Butters MA Hinrichsen GA 《Psychology and aging》2008,23(2):447-452
This study of 130 depressed older adults and their spouses or adult children examined the impact of caregiver burden specific to patients' depressive symptoms on patients' response to antidepressant treatment. Primary care patients completed medical, psychiatric, and neuropsychological assessments prior to treatment, and interviews were conducted with their identified family member. As hypothesized, caregivers' depression-specific burden predicted greater depression severity for the patient at the 6th week of treatment after accounting for patients' pretreatment characteristics, caregivers' depressive symptoms, and caregivers' relationship satisfaction. Future research may identify family attitudes and behaviors that stem from burden and compromise older adults' ability to recover from depression. 相似文献
237.
R.F. Westbrook T.Q. Duffield A.J. Good S. Halligan A.K. Seth A.L. Swinbourne 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology》1995,48(4):357-375
Five experiments examined within-event learning in rats by inducing an appetite for one of the elements (salt) of a compound stimulus and assessing preference for the other element (almond). Almond preference was conditional upon (1) the almond flavour having been presented in compound with the salt, and (2) the assessment being conducted when the rats were out of sodium balance (Experiment 1). Presentations of the compound in one environment (A) and of the salt and almond elements in a second environment (B) resulted in greater almond preference when rats were tested in A than in B (Experiment 2). Almond preference was reduced when separate presentations of the compound and almond (Experiment 3) or of the compound and salt (Experiment 4) occurred in the same environments but not when these presentations occurred in different environments. Rats exposed to the compound in A and then extinguished to the elements in either A or B showed a reduced almond preference when tested in the extinction environment, but not when tested in the other environment (Experiment 5). Thus, extinction of within-event learning is context-specific and subject to renewal. The results were interpreted in terms of an associative model whereby separate presentations of the elements result in a symmetrical inhibitory link which is contextually gated (Bouton, 1993). 相似文献
238.
Therapies that rely on written materials, information, or procedures involving familiarity with the dominant culture (e.g., colloquialisms, history) often pose barriers to people who use another language, have low English literacy, or are less familiar with the dominant culture. All this applies deaf individuals. One of the most well-validated mental health treatments for reducing suicidality in those diagnosed with borderline personality disorder is Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT; Koons et al., 2001; Linehan et al., 1999; Linehan et al., 2006; Linehan et al., 2002; Verheul et al., 2003). Unfortunately, its heavy reliance on written materials, prevalent use of metaphors, and other culture-bound characteristics make DBT inaccessible to the average deaf consumer. We describe the potential benefits that DBT could offer deaf clients, some of which are uniquely related to the life experiences and societal challenges faced by deaf people. Barriers to accessing standard DBT treatment and the materials used are described. Modifications of DBT materials and methods that we have found effective with deaf clients are detailed. It is concluded that DBT materials and methods can be successfully modified for use with this population. Available resources and additional benefits of employing DBT with deaf clients are noted. 相似文献
239.
Jonathan van 't Riet Robert A.C. Ruiter Marieke Q. Werrij Hein de Vries 《European journal of social psychology》2008,38(5):800-809
Health promoting messages can be framed in terms of the gains that are associated with healthy behaviour, or the losses that are associated with unhealthy behaviour. In this study, we examined the influence of self‐efficacy to quit smoking on the effects of gain framed and loss framed anti‐smoking messages in a randomized controlled trial among 539 adult smokers. Participants with a high self‐efficacy to quit smoking reported higher levels of motivation to quit smoking after receiving a loss framed message than after receiving a gain framed message or no message. For these participants receiving a gain framed message did not result in a higher motivation to quit smoking than receiving no message. For participants with a low self‐efficacy to quit smoking there were no differences in motivation to quit smoking between the gain framed message condition, loss framed message condition and control condition. Our results suggest that self‐efficacy can moderate the effects of message framing on persuasion. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
240.
We describe an fMRI experiment examining the functional connectivity (FC) between regions of the brain associated with semantic and phonological processing. We wished to explore whether L-Dopa administration affects the interaction between language network components in semantic and phonological categorization tasks, as revealed by FC. We hypothesized that L-Dopa would decrease FC due to restriction of the semantic network. During two test sessions (placebo and L-Dopa) each participant performed two fMRI runs, involving phonological and semantic processing. A number of brain regions commonly activated by the two tasks were chosen as regions if interest: left inferior frontal, left posterior temporal and left fusiform gyri, and left parietal cortex. FC was calculated and further analyzed for effects of either the drug or task. No main effect for drug was found. A significant main effect for task was found, with a greater average correlation for the phonological task than for the semantic task. These findings suggest that language areas are activated in a more synchronous manner for phonological than for semantic tasks. This may relate to the fact that phonological processes are mediated to a greater extent within language areas, whereas semantic tasks likely require greater interaction outside of the language areas. Alternatively, this may be due to differences in the attentional requirements of the two tasks. 相似文献