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261.
McKibbin WF Starratt VG Shackelford TK Goetz AT 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2011,125(3):370-373
Female extrapair copulation (EPC) can be costly to a woman's long-term romantic partner. If a woman has copulated recently with a man other than her long-term partner, her reproductive tract may contain the sperm of both men, initiating sperm competition (whereby sperm from multiple males compete to fertilize an egg). Should the woman become pregnant, her long-term partner is at risk of cuckoldry-investing unwittingly in offspring to whom he is not genetically related. Previous research in humans (Homo sapiens) and in nonhuman animals suggests that males have evolved tactics such as partner-directed sexual coercion that reduce the risk of cuckoldry. The current research provides preliminary evidence that mated men (n = 223) at greater risk of partner EPC, measured as having spent a greater proportion of time apart from their partner since the couple's last in-pair copulation, more frequently perform partner-directed sexually coercive behaviors. This relationship is moderated, however, by men's perceived risk of partner EPC, such that the correlation between the proportion of time spent apart since last in-pair copulation and sexually coercive behaviors remains significant only for those men who perceive themselves to be at some risk of partner EPC. Discussion addresses limitations of this research and highlights directions for future research investigating the relationship between female EPC and men's partner-directed sexual coercion. 相似文献
262.
Hopwood CJ Ansell EB Pincus AL Wright AG Lukowitsky MR Roche MJ 《Journal of personality》2011,79(4):707-740
Previous research on aversive interpersonal behavior has provided limited links between interpersonal sensitivities and comprehensive models of personality and social behavior. Study 1 (N = 1,336) of this article demonstrated that interpersonal sensitivities can be mapped onto the interpersonal circumplex and that people generally find others' behavior that is least similar to their own generally most aversive. In Study 2 (N = 299), a broader array of correlates with interpersonal sensitivities was investigated, and results again suggested that interpersonal opposites are generally perceived as most aversive. Study 3 (N = 315) specified romantic, platonic, or nonclose relationships and again found this pattern. Conceptualizing sensitivities with the interpersonal circumplex model permits investigators to distinguish general from specific kinds of sensitivity, allows for tests of the convergent and discriminant validity of interpersonal sensitivities, and integrates sensitivities into a well-established nomological net composed of multiple constructs relevant to social behavior and interpersonal dysfunction. 相似文献
263.
Patients believe that spirituality informs health; frequently, they wish to share their beliefs with physicians. Although
a large number of physicians believe it their responsibility to be aware of patient beliefs, many do not address spirituality
because they do not believe it their role to do so. These physicians would perhaps feel differently if presented with evidence
that associated spirituality with positive health outcomes. This national sample of family medicine residents were asked if,
presented with evidence that spirituality was associated with improved outcomes, they would be more likely to initiate discussions
of spirituality with patients. To varying degrees, most residents agreed that they would be more willing to initiate spirituality
discussions if presented with good evidence. Geographic region of training, religious preference, and Spiritual Well-Being
Scale quartile predicted both strength of agreement and whether a resident would be as responsive to spirituality oriented
research as to investigations of traditional therapeutic modalities. Although residents indicated that they would be more
responsive to publications on traditional medical therapies, familiarity with the spirituality literature as part of a residency
educational curriculum may help break down barriers to addressing this issue with patients. 相似文献
264.
Aaron Smuts 《Philosophical Studies》2011,155(2):241-265
Most philosophers since Sidgwick have thought that the various forms of pleasure differ so radically that one cannot find
a common, distinctive feeling among them. This is known as the heterogeneity problem. To get around this problem, the motivational theory of pleasure suggests that what makes an experience one of pleasure is our reaction to it, not something internal to the experience. I
argue that the motivational theory is wrong, and not only wrong, but backwards. The heterogeneity problem is the principal
source of motivation for this, otherwise, highly counterintuitive theory. I intend to show that the heterogeneity problem
is not a genuine problem and that a more straightforward theory of pleasure is forthcoming. I argue that the various experiences
that we call “pleasures” all feel good. 相似文献
265.
Julia D. McQuade Meghan Tomb Betsy Hoza Daniel A. Waschbusch Elizabeth A. Hurt Aaron J. Vaughn 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(2):307-319
This study examined the relation between cognitive deficits and positive bias in a sample of 272 children with and without
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD; 7–12 years old). Results indicated that children with ADHD with and without
biased self-perceptions exhibit differences in specific cognitive deficits (executive processes, working memory, broad attention,
and cognitive fluency) compared to each other and to control children. Further, specific cognitive deficits emerged as partial
mediators of the relation between ADHD diagnostic status and positive bias. Interestingly, some differences in results emerged
based on the domain considered (academic, social, behavioral competence). Results lend initial support to the role of cognitive
deficits in the positive bias of some children with ADHD. Implications for future research and intervention are discussed. 相似文献
266.
The role of static eyeheight-scaled information in perceiving the passability of and guiding locomotion through apertures is well established. However, eyeheight-scaled information is not the only source of visual information about size and passability. In this study we tested the sufficiency of two other sources of information, both of which are available only to moving observers (ie are dynamic) and specify aperture size in intrinsic body-scaled units. The experiment was conducted in an immersive virtual environment that was monocularly viewed through a head-mounted display. Subjects walked through narrow openings between obstacles, rotating their shoulders as necessary, while head and shoulder position were tracked. The task was performed in three virtual environments that differed in terms of the availability of eyeheight-scaled information and the two dynamic sources of information. Analyses focused on the timing and amplitude of shoulder rotation as subjects walked through apertures, as well as walking speed and the number of collisions. Subjects successfully timed and appropriately scaled the amplitude of shoulder rotation to fit through apertures in all three conditions. These findings suggest that visual information other than eyeheight-scaled information can be used to guide locomotion through apertures. 相似文献
267.
We demonstrate the Thatcher effect in biological-motion displays and show that it is primarily a result of the moving, and not static, cues in the display. 相似文献
268.
Stirman SW Brown GK Ghahramanlou-Holloway M Fox AJ Chohan MZ Beck AT 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2011,41(2):203-209
Although individuals who attempt suicide have poor compliance rates with treatment recommendations, the nature and degree of participation bias in clinical treatment research among these individuals is virtually unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine participation bias by comparing the demographic and diagnostic characteristics of adult suicide attempters who participated in a randomized controlled trial to a sample of nonparticipants. Results indicated that males and individuals with a diagnosis of substance abuse or dependence were more likely to be participants in the randomized controlled trial. The implications of these findings for suicide intervention research are discussed. 相似文献
269.
270.
Personality disorders have been defined as "stable over time." However, research now supports marked change in the symptoms of these disorders and significant individual variability in the trajectories across time. Using the Longitudinal Study of Personality Disorders (Lenzenweger, 2006), we explore the ability of the Revised Interpersonal Adjective Scales--Big Five (IASR-B5; Trapnell & Wiggins, 1990) to predict individual variation in initial value and rate of change in borderline personality disorder symptoms. The dimensions of the IASR-B5 predict variability in initial symptoms and rates of change. Interaction effects emerged between Dominance and Conscientiousness, Love and Neuroticism, and Conscientiousness and Neuroticism in predicting initial symptoms; and between Dominance and Love and Love and Neuroticism in predicting rates of change, suggesting that the effects of broad domains of personality are not merely additive but conditional on each other. 相似文献