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141.
A study of the combined influence of prior knowledge and stimulus dimensionality on category learning was conducted. Subjects learned category structures with the same number of necessary dimensions but with more or fewer additional, redundant dimensions and with either knowledge-related or knowledge-unrelated features. Minimal-learning models predict that all subjects, regardless of condition, either should learn the same number of dimensions or should respond more slowly to each dimension. Despite similar learning rates and response times, subjects learned more features in the high-dimensional than in the low-dimensional condition. Furthermore, prior knowledge interacted with dimensionality, increasing what was learned, especially in the high-dimensional case. A second experiment confirmed that the participants did, in fact, learn more features during the training phase, rather than simply inferring them at test. These effects can be explained by direct associations among features (representing prior knowledge), combined with feedback between features and the category label, as was shown by simulations of the knowledge resonance, or KRES, model of category learning. 相似文献
142.
Aaron L. Wichman Ryan P. Brunner Gifford Weary 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2008,44(4):1106-1113
Previous research has focused on enhanced processing as a response to causal uncertainty (CU), but relatively little empirical attention has been given to how CU is activated and the temporal unfolding of this activation. The current research investigates the counterintuitive idea that people inhibit causal uncertainty immediately after its activation. We find that this inhibition weakens over time. Study 1 demonstrates this inhibition effect with self-report uncertainty. Study 2 demonstrates this effect with an implicit accessibility measure. Temporary inhibition of uncertainty may be a general response when uncertainty is activated. 相似文献
143.
God and the government: testing a compensatory control mechanism for the support of external systems
Kay AC Gaucher D Napier JL Callan MJ Laurin K 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2008,95(1):18-35
The authors propose that the high levels of support often observed for governmental and religious systems can be explained, in part, as a means of coping with the threat posed by chronically or situationally fluctuating levels of perceived personal control. Three experiments demonstrated a causal relation between lowered perceptions of personal control and the defense of external systems, including increased beliefs in the existence of a controlling God (Studies 1 and 2) and defense of the overarching socio-political system (Study 4). A 4th experiment (Study 5) showed the converse to be true: A challenge to the usefulness of external systems of control led to increased illusory perceptions of personal control. In addition, a cross-national data set demonstrated that lower levels of personal control are associated with higher support for governmental control (across 67 nations; Study 3). Each study identified theoretically consistent moderators and mediators of these effects. The implications of these results for understanding why a high percentage of the population believes in the existence of God, and why people so often endorse and justify their socio-political systems, are discussed. 相似文献
144.
Salzer S Pincus AL Hoyer J Kreische R Leichsenring F Leibing E 《Journal of personality assessment》2008,90(3):292-299
In this study, we addressed the heterogeneity in interpersonal problems across patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). We assessed interpersonal problems by the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-C; Horowitz, Alden, Wiggins, & Pincus, 2000) in a sample of 78 GAD patients. We used IIP-C profiles describing interpersonal characteristics of the total GAD sample as well as clustered GAD interpersonal subtypes. Although the overall sample was located in the friendly submissive quadrant of the circumplex model, this was true only for the Exploitable cluster, which includes more than 50% of the patients. Importantly, clusters of GAD patients with other locations reporting predominantly Cold, Nonassertive, or Intrusive interpersonal problems were also identified. The 4 clusters did not differ in terms of gender, comorbid disorders, or the severity of depression or anxiety. Thus, the assessment of interpersonal problems provides additional diagnostic information covering the heterogeneity of GAD patients. This information could be used for differential indication and individual case formulation in GAD. 相似文献
145.
Deborah J Jones Rex Forehand Aaron Rakow Christina J M Colletti Laura McKee Alecia Zalot 《Journal of family psychology》2008,22(2):181-192
The specificity of the association between 2 parenting behaviors (warmth and supervision) and 2 indicators, aggressive behavior and depressive symptoms, of major child outcomes (externalizing problems and internalizing problems) was examined among 196 inner-city African American mothers and their school age children. Given the growing number of African American families affected by HIV/AIDS and demonstrated compromises in parenting associated with maternal infection, the moderating role of maternal HIV/AIDS was also examined. Findings from longitudinal analyses supported the specificity of maternal warmth but not of maternal supervision. Maternal warmth was a stronger predictor of decreases in child aggressive behavior than of decreases in depressive symptoms. In addition, maternal warmth was a stronger predictor of decreases in aggressive behavior than was maternal supervision. Parenting specificity was not moderated by maternal HIV/AIDS. Clinical implications and future research directions are discussed. 相似文献
146.
147.
Aaron Zachary Zimmerman 《Philosophical Studies》2006,128(2):337-379
Constitutivist accounts of self-knowledge argue that a noncontingent, conceptual relation holds between our first-order mental
states and our introspective awareness of them. I explicate a constitutivist account of our knowledge of our own beliefs and
defend it against criticisms recently raised by Christopher Peacocke. According to Peacocke, constitutivism says that our
second-order introspective beliefs are groundless. I show that Peacocke’s arguments apply to reliabilism not to constitutivism
per se, and that by adopting a functionalist account of direct accessibility a constitutivist can avoid reliabilism. I then argue
that the resulting view is preferable to Peacocke’s own account of self-knowledge. 相似文献
148.
149.
S Y Griffiths E M S Sherman Daniel J Slick Aaron Lautzenhiser M Westerveld C M Zaroff 《Child neuropsychology》2006,12(3):191-203
The current study used archival data to evaluate the fit of six latent variable models, originally generated by Donders (1999), for the California Verbal Learning Test-Children's Version (CVLT-C; Delis, Kramer, Kaplan, & Ober, 1994) in a large (N = 289) sample of pediatric epilepsy cases presenting at three tertiary treatment centers. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we found that a model including factors of Attention Span, Learning Efficiency, Free Delayed Recall, Cued Delayed Recall, and Inaccurate Recall demonstrated the best relative fit for our data. These findings are consistent with those reported by Donders (1999) in his reanalysis of the CVLT-C standardization sample data, supporting the validity of this factorial model in pediatric epilepsy populations. 相似文献
150.
The present research provides evidence that people use facial prototypes when they encounter different names. In Experiment
1, participants created face exemplars for fifteen common male names, subsets of which were endorsed as good examples by a
second set of participants. These most typical faces were morphed to create face-name prototypes. In Experiment 2, participants
matched one of the names to each of the prototype faces from Experiment 1. Participants’ matching choices showed convergence
in naming the prototypes for many of the names. Experiment 3 utilized these same prototypes in a learning task designed to
investigate if the face-name associations revealed in Experiment 2 impacted the learnability of the names. Participants learned
face-name pairings that had a higher association (based on frequencies from Experiment 2) faster than pairings with a low
association. Results suggest a more direct relationship between faces and names than has been previously proposed. 相似文献