Male susceptibility to attentional capture by power cues

The present investigation explores the possibility that power has increased salience among males but not females. Evidence indicates that stimuli that are self-relevant or related to chronic goals are more likely to capture attention than neutral information. Across three studies we explore the possibility that the premium males place on power influences how they attend to their environment. Consistent with the common belief that power more readily captures their attention, results indicate that males “dwell” longer on power-related cues (Experiment 1) and are more subject to distraction by task-irrelevant power cues (Experiment 2) than are females. Experiment 3 demonstrates that this increased salience has enduring social consequences by increasing the likelihood that males commit power-relevant material to memory.     

The development of gyrification in childhood and adolescence

Gyrification is the process by which the brain undergoes changes in surface morphology to create sulcal and gyral regions. The period of greatest development of brain gyrification is during the third trimester of pregnancy, a period of time in which the brain undergoes considerable growth. Little is known about changes in gyrification during childhood and adolescence, although considering the changes in gray matter volume and thickness during this time period, it is conceivable that alterations in the brain surface morphology could also occur during this period of development. The formation of gyri and sulci in the brain allows for compact wiring that promotes and enhances efficient neural processing. If cerebral function and form are linked through the organization of neural connectivity, then alterations in neural connectivity, i.e., synaptic pruning, may also alter the gyral and sulcal patterns of the brain. This paper reviews developmental theories of gyrification, computational techniques for measuring gyrification, and the potential interaction between gyrification and neuronal connectivity. We also present recent findings involving alterations in gyrification during childhood and adolescence.     

垂体腺瘤诊疗过程中应重视对垂体腺瘤患者生命质量评估

垂体腺瘤是一种常见的颅内神经内分泌肿瘤,约占颅内肿瘤的10%～15%,常伴有不同程度的肿瘤占住效应(头痛、视力受损等)、功能性腺瘤引起的激素水平过高和正常垂体受压破坏引起的垂体功能低下等症状,因此多数患者的生命质量受到影响.随着生物-心理-社会医学模式理念的逐步深入,除了关注患者的内分泌紊乱、肿瘤大小以及肿瘤引起的症状外,患者的生命质量也应该受到密切关注.本文将针对国内外对垂体腺瘤患者生命质量评估的相关进展进行综述.     

Investigating the relationship between item exposure and test overlap: Item sharing and item pooling

To date, exposure control procedures that are designed to control item exposure and test overlap simultaneously are based on the assumption of item sharing between pairs of examinees. However, examinees may obtain test information from more than one examinee in practice. This larger scope of information sharing needs to be taken into account in refining exposure control procedures. To control item exposure and test overlap among a group of examinees larger than two, the relationship between the two indices needs to be identified first. The purpose of this paper is to analytically derive the relationships between item exposure rate and each of the two forms of test overlap, item sharing and item pooling, for fixed‐length computerized adaptive tests. Item sharing is defined as the number of common items shared by all examinees in a group, while item pooling is the number of overlapping items that an examinee has with a group of examinees. The accuracy of the derived relationships was verified using numerical examples. The relationships derived will lay the foundation for future development of procedures to simultaneously control item exposure and item sharing or item pooling among a group of examinees larger than two.     

Noncontingent access to preferred sensory stimuli as a treatment for automatically reinforced stereotypy

Researchers have previously suggested that interventions designed to decrease stereotypic behavior are most effective when they include access to stimuli that are matched to the specific sensory consequences hypothesized to maintain the stereotypy. In an attempt to replicate this finding, we used stimulus preference assessments and a reversal design to evaluate the effectiveness of noncontingent access to highly preferred stimuli that were matched to the specific sensory consequences hypothesized to be maintaining the stereotypic behavior of an individual with developmental disabilities. The participant was also given noncontingent access to a highly preferred edible stimulus as a control condition. Results indicated that noncontingent access to a matched sensory stimulus produced consistent decreases in aberrant behavior while access to a highly preferred edible stimulus did not. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Study on Singaporeans’ Perceptions of Sexual Harassment From a Cross‐Cultural Perspective1

This paper addresses the question of whether culture and language in Singapore affect the interpretation of sexual harassment; that is, whether speakers from a different language and ethnic background will interpret the discourse domain of sexual harassment differently. Three studies constitute this research. The first study investigates whether certain cues relating to sexual harassment are judged equivalently across the ethnic groups. The second study examines how verbal space is conceptualized and ruled by the use of different languages used by different ethnic groups. The third study explores whether English, as a medium of communication, is a low‐context language. Results show that different ethnic groups perceived the cues differently; that ethnicity affects the interpretation of a single English phrase; and that English as used by Singaporeans is a high‐context language, which complicates the understanding of victims’ coping responses.     

非英语专业大学生英语单词学习策略的差异研究

该研究对安徽师范大学292名非英语专业大一、大二本科学生英语单词学习策略的使用情况进行了调查研究。结果发现：非英语专业本科学生经常使用抄写等lO项英语单词学习策略,很少使用分析例句等5项英语单词学习策略;不同成绩的学生在使用单词学习策略上存在显著差异;英语成绩好的大学生更多地使用背诵词组等英语单词学习策略。     

网络成瘾症治疗方法研究进展

利用文献分析方法分析和总结了目前国内关于网络成瘾治疗方法的研究进展。简要回顾了网络成瘾症的概念、症状、诊断标准、分类和病因研究现状;介绍和分析了现有文献已报道的心理治疗、药物治疗、整合治疗单元、家庭治疗、社会支持治疗等方法;对网络成瘾治疗方法研究现状进行了讨论并提出了几点研究建议。     

医疗社会工作:现实意义和发展趋向

医疗社会工作是社会工作专业的重要实务领域之一,在西方发达国家的医疗事业中扮演着不可替代的角色,具有解决患者及其家属问题、处理医患关系,并促进公共卫生政策的改善等多种功能.从我国目前的发展来看,尚处于起步阶段,还有诸多需要努力的方面,包括完善相关政策、提高服务质量、修正教育模式、突出中国特色等.     

自闭症谱系障碍者的面孔加工特点——眼动研究的元分析

以往研究将回避眼睛作为自闭症谱系障碍的评估标准之一, 但是一些眼动研究发现：自闭症谱系障碍者也回避注视嘴部。那么回避嘴部是否同样可以作为评估标准？本研究运用元分析, 分别将面孔核心区域中眼睛和嘴部的注视时间作为结果变量, 探讨自闭症谱系障碍者面孔加工的注视特点。通过文献检索和筛查, 共有27篇眼动文献被纳入最终的元分析, 其中眼睛注视时间生成43个独立效应量(1343人), 在嘴部注视时间生成36个独立效应量(1112人)。结果发现, 自闭症谱系障碍组对眼睛的注视时间显著少于普通被试组(d = −0.75), 但是两组在嘴部注视时间上没有显著差异(d = −0.29)。调节效应检验发现：年龄(d儿童 = −0.89, d成人 = −0.04)、面孔方向(d正立 = −0.79, d倒置 = 0.31)会影响被试对眼睛的注视时间; 年龄(d儿童 = 0.40, d成人 = −0.56)、言语智商(d匹配 = 0.63, d不匹配 = −0.62)和非言语智商的匹配性(d匹配 = 0.27, d不匹配 = −0.51)、自闭症的严重程度 (d高功能 = 0.43, d中低功能 = −0.65)和任务方式(d自由浏览 = −0.48, d辨别任务 = 0.90)则会影响被试对嘴部的注视时间。元分析结果表明嘴部注视不能作为区分自闭症谱系障碍者的指标。