Effects of extraneous stimulation on visual afterimage serials produced by young schizophrenics

Smith, G. J. W. & Ruuth, E. Effects of extraneous stimulation on visual afterimage serials produced by young schizophrenics. Scand. J. Psychol., 1973, 14, 34–38.- Two groups of young schizophrenics, 20 in each, produced afterimages (Als) of a schematic face in 20 consecutive trials. In one group an acoustic signal was administered at the 8th, 12th and 16th trials. The signal effect in a previous experiment implied that the ongoing adaptive trend was disrupted by a return to the trend characterizing the before-signal portion of the sequence. This result was cross-validated, with particular emphasis put on the regressive characteristics shown by schizophrenics. However, the present schizophrenic subjects seemed to be more resistant to the contraction and eventual mechanization of their adaptive processes being the usual consequence of iteration.     

The Impact of World Views on Professional Life-styling

A world view expresses the presuppositions a person makes about his or her world. These basic presuppositions center on the nature of ultimate reality, of the universe, of mankind, the meaning of death, the basis of ethics, and the meaning of human history. The four perspectives of theism, deism, agnosticism, and atheism summarize views regarding these six issues. Then the influence of each of the four perspectives on certain counseling issues that are seen as the warp and woof of a counselor's value system are analyzed. These special counseling issues are the counselor-client relationship, motives for counseling, counseling goals, the method of dealing with special problems, and the choice of counseling strategies. One implication of this analysis is that counselors-in-training should study all the perspectives and also formulate for themselves a personal counseling approach that reflects thinking on both the six world issues and the special counseling issues. The second implication of the analysis is that the authentic counselor can work with others in a climate of respect for world views that differ from his or hers. The counselor does not threaten their beliefs—even when helping them to explore, clarify, and develop personal values. Jeffry Tindall reviews the philosophical approach that Smith proposes and urges that the emphasis of counselors be focused in the philosophical area of axiology.     

Age and brief separation: Note on children's distress reactions

26 children, one to three years old, were briefly separated from their parents in a strange situation in order to investigate the relation of age to children's crying and manipulation behavior. A significant negative correaltion was found between age and crying ( r =÷0.51), while no relation was observed between age and manipulation. The results support Bowlby's (1973) view that the peak of separation distress occurs during the child's second year of life.     

Standardized Tests Used in Correctional Institutions

This study provides data from 11 adult correctional institutions on the percentage of residents who took standardized tests — educational, intelligence, vocational, and psychological tests — over a one-year period. The Gray-Votaw-Rogers and the General Educational Development tests were the most often administered educational tests. Many more residents were given educational or academic achievement tests than intelligence tests. The two measures of personality most common to all institutions in the study were the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and the Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank. Five of the 11 institutions gave no vocational tests other than the General Aptitude Test Battery. Many individual differences in institutions are noted.     

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN NEGOTIATION OUTCOME: A META-ANALYSIS

Studies reporting the objective settlements obtained by men and women in negotiations were reviewed. Differences in outcomes were expected due to differences in perceptions, behaviors, and contextual factors between men and women. In the sample of studies, men negotiated significantly better outcomes than women. Opponent sex, relative power of the negotiator, integrative potential of the task, mode of communication and year of the study were tested as moderators of the effect. Although the overall difference in outcomes between men and women was small, none of these hypothesized moderators or several exploratory moderators reversed or eliminated this effect. The organizational significance of the findings is discussed in terms of the glass ceiling, a gender-based earnings differential and women in negotiation positions. Directions for future research in the laboratory and the field are suggested.     

The discrimination of two racial samples

Nineteen different anthropometric measures were obtained on all members of each of two racial groups. A procedure was developed and applied to the data to give maximum differentiation between the groups. The method is applicable wherever we have a large number of independent variables and a dependent variable. In such cases, the conventional methods for determining multiple regression constants are very laborious. An iteration method is presented which is more rapid than any with which the writers are familiar. The method selects in sequence those variables which together yield the largest multiple correlation with the criterion. At each step in the procedure, rapid estimates of the regression weights and the multiple correlation at that point are available.