工作记忆内容对空间返回抑制的影响

工作记忆内容能够以相对自动化的方式引导视觉选择性注意。研究的目的在于考察工作记忆内容对空间返回抑制的影响。实验一要求被试在客体工作记忆保持阶段完成返回抑制任务,结果发现无论返回抑制任务目标是否与工作记忆内容匹配都出现了返回抑制效应。实验二要求被试在空间工作记忆保持阶段完成返回抑制任务,结果发现当目标落在记忆空间上时返回抑制效应消失。因此,空间返回抑制仅会受到基于空间工作记忆的视觉注意引导的影响。     

工程中利益冲突问题研究

首先在详细分析工程中利益冲突已有定义的基础上,本文从不同角度提出了一种不同的定义。然后,分析了利益冲突的构成,并列举了利益冲突的情形。接着,分析了利益冲突的伦理问题,并提出解决方法。最后介绍了美国工程社团以及大型企业有关利益冲突的伦理章程和行为规范。     

中学组织气氛与教师工作满意度的相关分析

本研究在国内外相关研究的基础上,通过自编中学组织气氛量表调查分析中学组织气氛与其教师工作满意度的关系。结果表明学校组织气氛各因子与其教师工作满意度除人际关系因子外的各因子相关显著;回归分析进一步发现,学校组织气氛与教师工作满意度的工作性质、领导管理、薪水、进修晋升和物质条件等因子回归显著。     

不同气质类型大学生注意集中性的实验研究

研究首先采用气质量表选择四种典型气质类型的大学生各16人共计64人,再采用划消实验对所选被试的注意集中性进行测试,力图探索大学生的不同气质类型与注意集中性的关系。研究结果发现:在划消速度上,粘液质明显快于胆汁质;在划消正确数上,胆汁质明显低于多血质和抑郁质;性别因素对划消速度和划消正确数的影响无显著差异。     

Predictors of smoking cessation in Taiwan: using the theory of planned behavior

This study aimed to explore the factors predicting the intention to quit smoking and the subsequent behavior 6 months later using the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Data were obtained from 145 smokers who attended a smoking cessation clinic in a community hospital. All participants completed a questionnaire which included demographic information, TPB-based items, perceived susceptibility and previous attempts to quit. The actual quitting behavior was obtained by follow-up phone calls 6 months later. The TPB constructs explained 34% of the variance in intention to quit smoking. By adding perceived susceptibility, the explained variance was significantly improved to 40%. The most important predictors were perceived behavior control and perceived susceptibility, followed by attitude. Subjective norm did not contribute to the prediction of intention. Attitude and perceived behavior control contributed to the prediction of actual quitting behavior, but intention, subjective norm and perceived susceptibility did not. Our findings support that the TPB is generally a useful framework to predict the intention to quit smoking in Taiwan. The inclusion of perceived susceptibility improved the prediction of intention. With regards to successfully quitting, attitude and perceived behavior control played more crucial roles than other TPB constructs. Smoking cessation promotion initiatives focusing on reinforcing cessation belief, enhancing a smoker’s perception of their capability to quit smoking, and persuading smokers that they can overcome cessation barriers to cessation could make subsequent interventions more effective.     

Young children discover how to deceive in 10 days: a microgenetic study

We investigated how the ability to deceive emerges in early childhood among a sample of young preschoolers (Mean age = 34.7 months). We did this via a 10‐session microgenetic method that took place over a 10‐day period. In each session, children played a zero‐sum game against an adult to win treats. In the game, children hid the treats and had opportunities (10 trials) to win them by providing deceptive information about their whereabouts to the adult. Although children initially showed little or no ability to deceive, most spontaneously discovered deception and systematically used it to win the game by the tenth day. Both theory of mind and executive function skills were predictive of relatively faster patterns of discovery. These results are the first to provide evidence for the importance of cognitive skills and social experience in the discovery of deception over time in early childhood.     

中文阅读中基于字和词的跳读与返回抑制:来自眼动方面的证据

该研究通过记录读者自然阅读中的眼动过程,对比考察了中文阅读中基于字和词的跳读与返回抑制事件。结果发现:(1)跳读事件并不影响眼跳前注视的持续时间,说明阅读过程中的眼跳计划被同时制定;(2)在一定范围内,眼跳幅度越大,跳读后注视的持续时间越长,这反映了基本的预视效应;(3)中文阅读中存在返回抑制现象,但这个现象产生的基本依据是低级的空间线索,而非词汇语义单元。     

中文阅读中的认知滞后效应

该研究应用EyelinkⅡ眼动仪,采用眼动随动显示技术操纵注视点左侧文本被掩蔽词汇的范围,考察中文阅读过程中词汇加工的认知滞后效应。结果发现:掩蔽词n以左的文本可严重影响被试的总阅读时间;掩蔽词n-1以左文本则不影响被试的总阅读时间。结果表明,相对于注视位置,中文阅读的认知过程存在明显的滞后效应。     

解释水平在社会距离影响具身模拟中的中介效应检验

具身认知理论及相关的脑研究显示,个体在推断他人心理时具身模拟的强度可能会受到社会距离的影响。基于解释水平理论和具身认知理论,通过两项实验室实验探讨社会距离的外部线索—人格相似性和内外群关系对具身模拟强度的影响。结果显示:社会距离越近,个体的解释水平越低,具身模拟强度越高;解释水平可以部分中介人格相似性对具身模拟的影响,中介效应占总效应量的38.4%;解释水平可以完全中介内外群线索对具身模拟的影响。最后,结合实验结果讨论了个体推断他人心理的过程和机制。     

Working memory can enhance unconscious visual perception

We demonstrate that unconscious processing of a stimulus property can be enhanced when there is a match between the contents of working memory and the stimulus presented in the visual field. Participants first held a cue (a colored circle) in working memory and then searched for a brief masked target shape presented simultaneously with a distractor shape. When participants reported having no awareness of the target shape at all, search performance was more accurate in the valid condition, where the target matched the cue in color, than in the neutral condition, where the target mismatched the cue. This effect cannot be attributed to bottom-up perceptual priming from the presentation of a memory cue, because unconscious perception was not enhanced when the cue was merely perceptually identified but not actively held in working memory. These findings suggest that reentrant feedback from the contents of working memory modulates unconscious visual perception.