幼儿说谎行为的发展及其与说谎认知的关系

该研究考察了3~5岁幼儿违规后说谎的人数及其年龄特征,同时探讨了说谎行为与说谎概念理解、道德评价之间的关系。研究结果表明,即使是3岁儿童,违规后出现说谎的人数至少在一半以上,但4、5岁儿童在说谎的人数上要显著地多于3岁儿童。在说谎/说真话概念理解与道德评价的发展上,年龄间差异显著,从3岁至5岁逐渐达到成熟水平。研究结果没有发现是否说谎与说谎认知之间的关系,即在说谎/说真话的概念理解与道德评价上,说谎组儿童与没有说谎组儿童没有显著的差异。     

Cross-cultural differences in children's choices, categorizations, and evaluations of truths and lies

This study examined cross-cultural differences and similarities in children's moral understanding of individual- or collective-oriented lies and truths. Seven-, 9-, and 11-year-old Canadian and Chinese children were read stories about story characters facing moral dilemmas about whether to lie or tell the truth to help a group but harm an individual or vice versa. Participants chose to lie or to tell the truth as if they were the character (Experiments 1 and 2) and categorized and evaluated the story characters' truthful and untruthful statements (Experiments 3 and 4). Most children in both cultures labeled lies as lies and truths as truths. The major cultural differences lay in choices and moral evaluations. Chinese children chose lying to help a collective but harm an individual, and they rated it less negatively than lying with opposite consequences. Chinese children rated truth telling to help an individual but harm a group less positively than the alternative. Canadian children did the opposite. These findings suggest that cross-cultural differences in emphasis on groups versus individuals affect children's choices and moral judgments about truth and deception.     

盐酸戊乙奎醚对心脏瓣膜置换术患者NF-κB表达的影响

为研究盐酸戊乙奎醚对心脏瓣膜置换术患者心肌NF-κB转录活性的影响,选取择期瓣膜置换术患者60例,随机分为对照组(C)、盐酸戊乙奎醚组1(P1)、盐酸戊乙奎醚组2(P2),每组20例.结果心肌缺血再灌注后,P1、P2组NF-κB的转录活性明显下降,可见盐酸戊乙奎醚可以抑制心肌NF-κB的激活,在一定程度上具有心肌保护作用.     

数学焦虑影响儿童的数量表征:认知抑制的调节作用

为了考察数学焦虑对儿童数量表征表现的可能影响及认知抑制的潜在调节作用,选取70名小学三年级儿童（高焦虑组36人,低焦虑组34人）为被试,在对抑制条件进行操控的情况下,要求其完成符号、非符号数量表征任务。结果发现,被试在两种数量表征任务中均出现距离效应,与符号数量比较任务相比,高焦虑组在非符号数量比较任务中的正确率显著低于低焦虑组,且高焦虑组表现出了更强的距离效应。鉴于非符号数量比较任务更能反映出个体近似数量系统（ANS）的敏锐性,上述结果意味着高数学焦虑儿童的数量表征更不精确,其在相对复杂问题上较差的表现或许源于基本数量能力缺陷。本研究还发现认知抑制能够调节数学焦虑对个体非符号数量表征的影响,抑制条件下高低焦虑组儿童在正确率指标上的差异大于非抑制条件,抑制条件的设置提高了个体对工作记忆资源的需求,此时焦虑情绪对认知资源的消耗会造成任务所需资源的不足,进而削弱高焦虑个体的认知效用。     

由空气传递的声音刺激对胎儿呼吸及胎动的影响

采用回顾性研究方法考察了由空气传递的声音刺激对未足月与足月胎儿的呼吸性运动与胎动的影响.结果发现,胎儿通过呼吸运动的变化(如呼吸运动加速、减缓、停止/停顿等)及胎动来对外界刺激作出反应;而且这种反应在不同胎龄的胎儿间有显著的不同胎龄大的或足月的胎儿在有声音刺激条件下的呼吸运动变化比胎龄小的更多.     

紫霞观纪游

住在武陵源沙坪的家庭旅馆村,出门闲步,马路旁边的山崖上,几幢气宇轩昂的寺观便跃入眼帘。虽然从此路经多次,却从未进去一睹风彩。行近山门,见一群泥瓦工匠正在修补路径,匠人们告之,今日不收门票,等几天重新开观后每人就得花20多元才能入内了。几位陌路游客便沿着石级山径开始攀登了。初夏之际,久雨初睛。雕梁画壁的古朴建筑依稀点缀在山崖间一片翠绿之中,真有“万绿丛中几点红”的韵味。行进百步,顶头骄阳已晒得游人汗流浃背了。我们在悬崖山径间寻阴凉处稍息,一块大理石碑竖在路旁,原来是介绍碑下石块上的足迹。此石叫《仙人足迹石》,石块…     

教育认知诊断测验与认知模型一致性的评估

构建正确的认知模型是成功进行认知诊断的关键之一,如果认知诊断测验不能完整准确地代表这个认知模型,这个测验的效度就存在问题.属性及其层级可以表示一个认知模型.在认知模型正确基础上,给出了一个计量公式以衡量认知诊断测验能够多大程度上代表认知模型;对于不止包含一个知识状态的等价类及其形成原因进行了分析,对Cui等人的属性层级相合性指标(HCI)提出修改建议,以更好地探查数据与专家给出的认知模型的一致性.     

大学生信任倾向对社会适应的影响

本研究通过对129名大学生的信任倾向和社会适应的研究,考察了大学生的信任倾向对社会适应的影响。研究结果显示,信任倾向与社会适应的各个指标之间显著相关,即信任倾向越高,个体的人际适应、自我适应与情绪适应就越好。而且信任倾向能够直接预测自我适应,并通过自我适应的中介间接影响人际适应和情绪适应。     

Does personality matter in exercise participation?

This research extends previous work by demonstrating how the relationships between social cognition and exercise are influenced by different personality types. The theory of planned behaviour forms the basis of our theoretical model, and the Big Five personality framework was used to determine personality types. Data were collected from a quota sample of 512 Malaysian adults. The results suggest that an individual's personality can prevent him or her from exercising. For example, an extrovert is likely to be driven by affect and self‐confidence in their capability to exercise, and thus are more likely to participate in exercise. Those who are more conscientious (and less neurotic) feel more in control and thus possess a greater ability to exercise in comparison with their less conscientious and more neurotic counterparts. Our findings demonstrate the importance of considering personality factors in exercise research and caution us about underestimating the relationship between perceived control, attitude and its potential behavioural outcomes that could lead to a misinterpretation of its true impact. Our core contribution lies in identifying the underlying causes of social cognition differences in a moderating capacity, which has potential to yield important theoretical and practical implications. This study sets the ground for social marketers to improve their understanding of exercise behaviour and, in turn, consumer welfare. Ultimately, they could be in a better position to develop effective health intervention and educational programmes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

信任倾向和面孔可信度对小学儿童信任判断的影响

该研究考察了7、9、11岁小学儿童对陌生人信任判断的发展特点,以及信任方的信任倾向和被信任方的面孔可信度在儿童信任判断中的作用特点及其发展特征。结果发现：（1）7、9、11岁小学儿童基于面孔对陌生他人进行的信任判断中,9、11岁儿童的信任水平要高于7岁儿童;（2）在信任判断中,陌生交往者的面孔可信度对7、9和11岁儿童的信任判断都具有显著的影响作用,即相对于具有不可信面孔的陌生人,儿童更愿意相信具有可信面孔的陌生人;此外,信任倾向对于信任判断的影响作用则存在一定的年龄间差异,7岁儿童的信任倾向对信任判断无影响,9和11岁儿童的信任倾向正向预测儿童对陌生人的信任水平,即相对于信任倾向低的儿童,信任倾向高的儿童对陌生人的信任水平也越高;（3）被信任方的面孔可信度在小学儿童信任判断中的影响作用要大于儿童自身的信任倾向的影响作用。这些结果表明儿童对他人的信任水平随着年龄的增长而提高;对于陌生人,小学儿童主要依据被信任方相关的可信特征线索做出相应的信任判断。