心身问题

几千年来,人们一直致力于弄清他们与宇宙的其他部分的关系。由于不同的理由,许多哲学家今天不愿处理如此之大的问题。然而,这些问题仍旧遗留着。现在,最大的问题是:对于作为人类的我们自己,我们有一种常识性印象,但它很难符合我们关于物理世界的整个“科学”概念。在一个科学告诉我们完全由无意识、无意义的物理     

科学解释

解释是科学的一个主要目的,对于这一点人们几乎没有什么异议;但大家对于所提出的解释必须满足哪些条件却有很大分歧。这类分歧,尤其是在史学领域和社会科学领域,大都与所谓圆满解释的定律论模型(nomological models)或演绎模型(de-ductive models)有关。还有一个更为普遍的争论:许多(也许是大部分)科学家和哲学家坚持认为,定律论模型和演绎模型显然适用于自然科学,并且也     

The matching law applies to wagtails' foraging in the wild

Field data concerning the time budgets and foraging success of pied wagtails (Motacilla alba yarrelli, Gould) are reanalyzed. It is found that the data are well described by the generalized matching law, with a marked bias towards spending time on the territory. In this case matching is not the result of maximizing reward rate, but it remains possible that it results from an allocation of time that maximizes survival.     

Varying response-reinforcer contiguity in a recycling conjunctive schedule

Three experiments describe the effects of manipulating the frequency of response-reinforcer contiguity in a recycling conjunctive schedule. The schedule arranged that a reinforcer was delivered after 30 s provided at least one response had occurred; otherwise the next cycle started immediately. In Experiment 1, this schedule produced the typical pause–respond–pause pattern, with most responses at mid-interval; and, when a limited number of contiguities between responses and food delivery were added, the pattern became more like the monotonic scallop seen on fixed-interval schedules. In Experiment 2, the schedule was initially presented with an additional contingency that allowed contiguity on every trial. Fixed-interval-like behavior occurred and tended to persist as contiguities were gradually eliminated. In Experiment 3, the recycling conjunctive schedule alternated with a condition in which a large number of contiguities occurred. The pause–respond–pause pattern and fixed-interval-like performance occurred with few or many contiguities, respectively. The results of all three experiments illustrate how contiguity interacts with a small number of other variables to determine performance on interval schedules and illuminate previous findings with fixed-interval and fixed-time schedules.     

A note on modulations and structuring of locomotion in children and adults

The aim of this study was to investigate the modulations of locomotion induced by a rhythmic cognitive task (counting one's steps). Subjects (6- and 8-year-olds and adults) were requested to walk freely, and then to walk while counting their steps. Here a decrease in cadence values was observed in children only, with quasi-total repercussions on velocity at the age of 6 only. The spatiotemporal structuring of locomotion described here is already present at 6 years of age and is not altered in the step-counting situation: strong links were observed between cadence and velocity, and between stride length and velocity, and weak links between cadence and stride length.     

Ulysses contracts

ABSTRACT 'Ulysses contracts' are an instrument through which a psychiatric patient may prearrange involuntary commitments to be put into effect if the patient satisfies certain diagnostic criteria in the future. Proposals for Ulysses contracts typically impose numerous safeguards. This paper argues against the intuitively plausible safeguard which permits only presently remitted patients to contract. Instead of requiring a patient's remission, it is argued that the appropriate safeguard is the patient's ability, whether remitted or not, to offer good reasons for wishing to contract. In short, what matters is not an executive's character, but an executive's reasons, and a bad executive may have good reasons. Attempts to deny the accessibility of good reasons in unremitted patients are rejected on the ground that psychiatric diagnosis requires psychiatrists to be able to distinguish between good and bad reasons in both remitted and unremitted patients. If psychiatrists cannot do that, psychiatric diagnosis is impossible.     

The future of mothering: reproductive technology and feminist theory

An exploration of (I) alternative perspectives toward recent innovations in reproductive technology: support for new techniques for the sake of the kind of feminist future they facilitate; unqualified opposition despite therapeutic benefit to individual women; or qualified opposition depending upon specific threats to women's interests and (II) relationships between these positions and values bound up with mothering practices.     

劳动安全心理学的基本问题

社会主义社会对劳动保护一向给予应有的重视,从而能够有效地防止生产创伤的发生。为进一步减少生产创伤而挖掘潜力的一个方面,就是一定要研究在众多不幸事件的成因中占有相当比重的生产创伤的心理原因,这就需要把劳动安全心理学问题作为一个科学分支来进行研究,而建立这样一个科学分支本身就提出了很多问题。我们对于劳动安全心理学的理解最概括地说就是:“劳动安全心理是研究致创(创伤成     

评《现代国外马克思列宁主义哲学》一书

世界共产主义运动发展中和现实社会主义形成中的每一个新阶段,都伴随着马克思列宁主义理论的进一步丰富,其中也包括哲学的进一步丰富,哲学是科学世界观的核心和科学地研究自然、社会和思维的方法论根据。战后数十年的显著特点是马克思主义的研究明显地趋于活跃,尤其在社会主义国家里是如此。在这种条件下,广泛研究国外马克思主义哲学家近些年所积累的理论经验,深入系统地考察他们在继续发展马克思列宁主义哲学、阐释和宣传其基本原理和原则方面的活动,就显得极为必要了。然而,在