雅斯贝尔斯的海德格尔批判:思维的傲慢

一、比较方法的意义与界限假定一个人严肃地对待哲学,那么任何试图比较卡尔.雅斯贝尔斯与马丁.海德格尔的作法都难免显得十分可疑。也许,甚至将比较方法列入哲学工具之标准目录也显得可疑,但是,那些使用这种方法的人们却常为这种方法所提供的巨大的解释收益而辩护。当然,对于我     

情感在道德中的作用和感觉论原则在伦理学中的作用

情感问题,确切地说即情感和理性的相互关系问题,在伦理学史中一向占据着中心的地位。对马克思列宁主义伦理学来说,这个问题是方法论上的关键问题。马克思列宁主义伦理学按照自己的方法和对象的特点,运用和发展了辩证唯物主义认识论的成果,在这一成果中感觉论原则占着特殊的地位。在现代伦理学文献中,对这个原则研究、使用的情况是怎样     

心与世界

我的思考起始于W.塞拉斯(Wilfrid Sellars)对所予神话(the Myth of the Given)所作攻击中的一个中心要素.     

论真理的结构及其在哲学各主题之关联中的位置

我们持续不断地提出真之诉求,这一基本事实是我们哲学思考的出发点。真理包含了三个层面:实在论层面、实用主义层面和现象性层面,它们在根本上相互关联着,这使得真理概念具有了一个三元结构。这三个层面之间的关系引导我们进一步思考是、时间、空间、话语、意识、自由和幸福等哲学事态,并在其中发现同样的三元结构。借此,真理概念最终得到了完整论证,它在哲学上的位置也得到了明确呈现。     

Time estimation: does the reference memory mediate the effect of knowledge of results?

This study presents evidence for the role of knowledge of results (KR) in the estimation of medium time intervals (4-12 s durations). Experiment 1 tested the hypothesis that KR operates at the same stage of temporal processing as attention. The absence of an interaction of attention and KR is taken as evidence against this hypothesis. Experiments 2 and 3 further studied the effects of KR in a reproduction and a production task, respectively. The effects of KR were small in the reproduction and substantial in the production task. The results are interpreted in terms of a clock-based timing model and the findings taken together converge on the interpretation that KR affects the reference memory (RM), rather than the other components of the model.     

Spatial selection in peripheral letter recognition: in search of boundary conditions

Recognition performance for a peripherally presented target letter embedded in a letter string is worse than for targets presented in isolation. This lateral masking effect is commonly attributed to impairments when identifying flanked letters. The hypothesis that also failures during spatial selection of the target underlie lateral masking effects was examined by varying the brightness of the flankers (Experiment 1), by cueing the target position at various times before, during, or after presentation of the string (Experiment 2) and by avoiding the abrupt on- and offset of the flankers (Experiments 3 and 4). Whereas the flankers' brightness had no effect on and cueing only slightly reduced the lateral masking effects, it was substantially reduced by avoiding the abrupt on- and offset of the flankers. The results show that spatial selection is impaired in peripheral vision, and that this is one important factor underlying lateral masking effects.     

Psychoanalytic patients in the U.S., CANADA,and Australia: I. DSM-III-R disorders,indications, previous treatment,medications, and length of treatment

To determine the demographics, DSM-III-R disorders diagnosed, indications used in recommending psychoanalysis, previous treatment histories, use of medication, and length of treatment in patients in psychoanalysis in the U.S., Canada, and Australia, a mail survey of practice was sent to every other active member of the American Psychoanalytic Association and every member of the Australian Psychoanalytical Society. This supplemented an earlier survey sent to all Ontario psychoanalysts. The response rates were 40.1 % (n = 342) for the U.S., 67.2% (n = 117) for Canada, and 73.9% (n = 51) for Australia. Respondents supplied data on 1,718 patients. The employment rate for patients increases as analysis progresses (p < .0001). The mean number of concurrent categories of disorders (Axis I, Axis II, and Disorders First Evident in Childhood) per patient at the start of treatment is 5.01 (SD = 3.66; median = 4; mode = 3). There are no statistically significant differences across countries. Mood, anxiety, sexual dysfunction, and personality disorders are most common. American Psychiatric Association / American Psychoanalytic Association peer review criteria for indicating psychoanalysis are followed for 86.5% of patients. Over 80% of patients in all three countries had undergone previous treatments prior to analysis. In the U.S., 18.2% of analysands are on concurrent psychoactive medication; in Australia, 9.6%. The mean length of analyses conducted in the U.S. is 5.7 years, in Australia 6.6, and in Canada 4.8. Psychoanalytic patients in all three countries have similar rates of DSM-III-R psychopathology, and many indications of chronicity.     

Reduced or increased influence of non-pertinent information in patients with schizophrenia?

We tested the ability of 18 patients with schizophrenia and 18 matched controls to filter non-pertinent information in orientation matching tasks. The non-pertinent information consisted of pictures conveying semantic information. The pertinent information consisted of oriented line-segments drawn inside pictures or was represented by the overall orientation of the picture itself. The results showed that non-pertinent information interfered with performance of control subjects in all tasks. In contrast, non-pertinent information interfered with the performance of patients with schizophrenia to the same extent as that of matched controls only when non-pertinent and pertinent information was physically mingled, but not when they were separated. Yet, patients processed non-pertinent information in all experiments, as shown by reversed interference effects when non-pertinent and pertinent information was physically separated. These results suggest a deficit at linking physically distinct visual information in patients with schizophrenia. Additionally, performance was more impaired in patients with schizophrenia than in control subjects when the amount of displayed information increased. The results suggest the coexistence, and a possible relationship between attentional deficits and impairments at linking distinct visual information in patients with schizophrenia.